Display omitted
•Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder sparked by insulin resistance and dysfunction of the β cells.•Monotherapy and combinatorial drug therapies represents the ...first line treatment choices for the said disorder.•Nanotechnology based approaches offers promising potential in terms of therapeutic efficacy and improved quality of life in patients.•A plethora of nanotools have proven to be promising drug carriers for treatment of T2DM.•The present article presents an overview of the conventional treatment modalities and recent advances in the nano based drug delivery approaches for the treatment of type II DM.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that occurs in the body because of decreased insulin activity and/or insulin secretion. Pathological changes such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular complications inevitably occur in the body with the progression of the disease. DM is mainly categorized into 2 sub-types, type I DM and type II DM. While type I DM is generally treated through insulin replacement therapy, type II DM is treated with oral hypoglycaemics. The major drug therapy for type II DM comprises of insulin secretagogues, biguanides, insulin sensitizers, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, incretin mimetics, amylin antagonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Dual drug therapies are often recommended in patients who are unable to achieve therapeutic goals with first line oral hypoglycaemic agents as monotherapy. Inspite of the appreciable therapeutic benefits, the conventional dosage forms depicts differential bioavailability and short half-life, mandating frequent dosage and causing greater side effects leading to therapy ineffectiveness and patient non-compliance. Given the pathological complexity of the said disease, nanotechnology-based approaches are more enticing as it comes with added advantage of site-specific drug delivery with higher bioavailability and reduced dosage regimen.
In the present review article, we have made an attempt to explore the pathophysiology of type II DM, the conventional treatment approaches (mono and combination therapy) as well as the nano based drug delivery approaches for the treatment of type II DM.
•Ionically-gelled mucoadhesive beads of metformin HCl was developed and optimized.•These beads were made of tamarind seed polysaccharide–gellan gum polymer-blend.•The in vitro drug release showed ...zero-order with super case-II transport mechanism.•Optimized beads exhibited good mucoadhesivity with the biological mucous membrane.•These beads proved prolonged and significant hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats.
The paper describes the development, optimization and evaluation of tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP)-blended gellan gum (GG) mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl through Ca2+-ion cross-linked ionic gelation for oral drug delivery. Effects of GG to TSP ratio and cross-linker (CaCl2) concentration on the drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE, %), and cumulative drug release after 10h (R10h, %) of TSP–GG mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl were optimized by 32 factorial design. The optimized mucoadhesive beads (F-O) showed DEE of 95.73±4.02%, R10h of 61.22±3.44% and mean diameter of 1.70±0.24mm.These beads were characterized by SEM and FTIR analyses. The in vitro drug release from these beads showed controlled-release (zero-order) pattern over a period of 10h.The optimized TSP–GG mucoadhesive beads also exhibited pH-dependent swelling, good mucoadhesivity with biological mucosal membrane and significant hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats over prolonged period after oral administration.
Cancer is one of the most common lethal diseases and the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Effective cancer treatment is a global problem, and subsequent advancements in nanomedicine are useful ...as substitute management for anti-cancer agents. Nanotechnology, which is gaining popularity, enables fast-expanding delivery methods in science for curing diseases in a site-specific approach, utilizing natural bioactive substances because several studies have established that natural plant-based bioactive compounds can improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Bioactive, in combination with nanotechnology, is an exceptionally alluring and recent development in the fight against cancer. Along with their nutritional advantages, natural bioactive chemicals may be used as chemotherapeutic medications to manage cancer. Alginate, starch, xanthan gum, pectin, guar gum, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, albumin, collagen, cellulose, chitosan, and other biopolymers have been employed successfully in the delivery of medicinal products to particular sites. Due to their biodegradability, natural polymeric nanobiocomposites have garnered much interest in developing novel anti-cancer drug delivery methods. There are several techniques to create biopolymer-based nanoparticle systems. However, these systems must be created in an affordable and environmentally sustainable way to be more readily available, selective, and less hazardous to increase treatment effectiveness. Thus, an extensive comprehension of the various facets and recent developments in natural polymeric nanobiocomposites utilized to deliver anti-cancer drugs is imperative. The present article provides an overview of the latest research and developments in natural polymeric nanobiocomposites, particularly emphasizing their applications in the controlled and targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs.
•Alprazolam-loaded nanoparticles for oral use were prepared by heat coagulation.•Chitosan, egg albumin and PEG 400 were used as excipients.•Among them, highest drug entrapment was found ...99.37±4.86%.•The highest drug entrapped nanoparticles showed average particle size of 259.60nm.•The in vitro drug release showed sustained drug release over 24h.
The possibility of inter-polymeric complexation of cationic chitosan and anionic egg albumin stabilized with PEG 400 to develop novel nanoparticles for oral delivery of alprazolam by heat coagulation method at pH 5.4 and 80°C. Nine formulations were prepared by changing the concentration of chitosan, PEG 400 and heating time. The alprazolam entrapment efficiency of these nanoparticles was in the range of 68.12±1.27 to 99.37±4.86%. These nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, DSC, P-XRD and FE-SEM analysis. Average particle diameter, poly-dispersity index and zeta potential of these nanoparticles were found 259.60nm, 0.501, and −9.00mV, respectively. The in vitro drug release from these alprazolam-loaded nanoparticles showed sustained drug release over a period of 24h. In conclusion, these newly developed chitosan-egg albumin-PEG nanoparticles were found to be a promising vehicle for sustained release delivery of lipophilic drugs.
•Mucoadhesive beads of metformin HCl was developed by response surface methodology.•These beads were made of ispaghula husk mucilage-gellan gum polymer-blend.•The in vitro drug release was prolonged ...over 10h and showed zero-order kinetics.•Optimized beads exhibited pH-dependent swelling and good mucoadhesivity.•These beads showed significant antidiabetic effect over 10h in diabetic rats.
Response surface methodology based on 32 factorial design was used to develop ispaghula (Plantago ovata F.) husk mucilage (IHM)-gellan gum (GG) mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl through Ca2+-ion cross-linked ionotropic-gelation technique for the use in oral drug delivery. GG to IHM ratio and cross-linker (CaCl2) concentration were investigated as independent variables. Drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE, %) and cumulative drug release after 10h (R10h, %) were analyzed as dependent variables. The optimized mucoadhesive beads (F-O) showed DEE of 94.24±4.18%, R10h of 59.13±2.27%. These beads were also characterized by SEM and FTIR analyses. The in vitro drug release from these beads showed controlled-release (zero-order) pattern with super case-II transport mechanism over 10h. The optimized beads showed pH-dependent swelling and good mucoadhesivity with the goat intestinal mucosa. The optimized IHM-GG mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl exhibited significant antidiabetic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats over 10h.
•Ionotropically-gelled mucoadhesive beads of metformin HCl was developed.•These beads were made of fenugreek seed mucilage-gellan gum polymer-blend.•The in vitro drug release was prolonged over 10h ...and showed zero-order kinetics.•Optimized beads exhibited pH-dependent swelling and good bioadhesion.•These beads proved prolonged and significant hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed mucilage (FSM)-gellan gum (GG) mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl for oral use were developed through ionotropic-gelation technique. Effects of GG to FSM ratio and cross-linker (CaCl2) concentration on the drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE, %), and cumulative drug release after 10h (R10h, %) of ionotropically-gelled FSM-GG mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl were optimized by 32 factorial design. The optimized mucoadhesive beads showed DEE of 92.53±3.85% and R10h of 55.28±1.58% and mean diameter of 1.62±0.22mm. The in vitro metformin HCl release from these ionotropically-gelled FSM-GG beads was prolonged over 10h and followed zero-order model with super case-II transport mechanism. The optimized mucoadhesive beads also exhibited pH-dependent swelling, good mucoadhesivity with biological mucosal membrane and significant hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats over prolonged period after oral administration.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder that progresses globally at an alarming rate. The impact of this disorder is severe as it deteriorates the quality of life due to its associated diseases such ...as kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and neurological disorders and also disturbs bone metabolism. One of the major complications of diabetes is osteoporosis, which is frequently brought on by diabetes. Bone abnormalities and a higher risk of fractures are linked to both type type-1 diabetes and type-2 diabetes and hence diabetes is regarded as one of the risk factors for the occurrence of osteoporosis. In view of this, there is a need to assess the therapeutic role of hypoglycemic agents in the treatment of osteoporosis. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, a hypoglycemic class could be a novel and promising drug target in the management of osteoporosis due to its additional role in the bone remodeling process. It has also been reported that GLP-1 agonists can increase bone mineral density, improve bone quality, and prevent fractures in diabetic patients. This review highlights the recent findings by which antidiabetic medications are used in the treatment of diabetes-induced osteoporosis and also gives an insight into its pathophysiology and possible mechanisms that are involved in the treatment of diabetes-induced osteoporosis. However, more research is required to fully understand the therapeutic role and unique mechanism of GLP-1 agonists in the bone remodeling process.
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as an effective environmental surveillance tool for predicting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease outbreaks in ...high-income countries (HICs) with centralized sewage infrastructure. However, few studies have applied WBE alongside epidemic disease modelling to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in low-resource settings. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of collecting untreated wastewater samples from rural and urban catchment areas of Nagpur district, to detect and quantify SARS-CoV-2 using real-time qPCR, to compare geographic differences in viral loads, and to integrate the wastewater data into a modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Confirmed Positives-Recovered (SEIPR) model. Of the 983 wastewater samples analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, we detected significantly higher sample positivity rates, 43.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 40.1, 47.4) and 30.4% (95% CI 24.66, 36.66), and higher viral loads for the urban compared with rural samples, respectively. The Basic reproductive number, R0, positively correlated with population density and negatively correlated with humidity, a proxy for rainfall and dilution of waste in the sewers. The SEIPR model estimated the rate of unreported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases at the start of the wave as 13.97 95% CI (10.17, 17.0) times that of confirmed cases, representing a material difference in cases and healthcare resource burden. Wastewater surveillance might prove to be a more reliable way to prepare for surges in COVID-19 cases during future waves for authorities.
In this study, an efficient photocatalytic route is developed for degradation of carbendazim fungicide under visible light irradiation using Bi2S3/BiFeO3 heterojunction materials as photocatalyst. ...The heterojunction system prepared by a two-step process contains rhombohedral BiFeO3 and orthorhombic Bi2S3 as crystalline phases. Morphologically, the Bi2S3/BiFeO3 materials contain BiFeO3 nanoplates and Bi2S3 nanorods in close microscopic contact. The Bi2S3/BiFeO3 materials exhibited improved visible light absorption, enhanced charge carrier separation and efficient photocatalytic activity achieving 96% degradation within 2 h of reaction. The mechanistic pathway for carbendazim degradation has been elucidated using GC-Mass analysis and radical scavenger experiments.
Display omitted
•Synthesis of a novel type II Bi2S3/BiFeO3 heterojunction photocatalyst is reported.•The heterojunctions contain well dispersed Bi2S3 nanorods and BiFeO3 nanoplates.•Heterojunctions show improved optical absorption and charge carrier separation.•The Bi2S3/BiFeO3 materials efficiently catalyse carbendazim degradation.•The mechanistic path for carbendazim degradation is elucidated.
PDF
