In this paper, we propose a mathematical framework to jointly model related activities with both motion and context information for activity recognition and anomaly detection. This is motivated from ...observations that activities related in space and time rarely occur independently and can serve as context for each other. The spatial and temporal distribution of different activities provides useful cues for the understanding of these activities. We denote the activities occurring with high frequencies in the database as normal activities. Given training data which contains labeled normal activities, our model aims to automatically capture frequent motion and context patterns for each activity class, as well as each pair of classes, from sets of predefined patterns during the learning process. Then, the learned model is used to generate globally optimum labels for activities in the testing videos. We show how to learn the model parameters via an unconstrained convex optimization problem and how to predict the correct labels for a testing instance consisting of multiple activities. The learned model and generated labels are used to detect anomalies whose motion and context patterns deviate from the learned patterns. We show promising results on the VIRAT Ground Dataset that demonstrates the benefit of joint modeling and recognition of activities in a wide-area scene and the effectiveness of the proposed method in anomaly detection.
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Arthritis is an inflammatory disorder that leads to degeneration and swelling in the joints thereby severely affecting mobility. Till date, a complete cure for this disorder remains ...elusive. Administration of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs has not proved effective owing to poor retention of drugs at the site of inflammation in the joints. In most cases, lack of adherence to the therapeutic regimen further aggravates the condition. Localized administration of the drugs through intra-articular injections is highly invasive and painful. A possible solution to overcome these issues will be to ensure sustained release of the anti-arthritic drug at the site of inflammation through a minimally invasive method. The present work focuses on the development of a microneedle patch for localized and minimally invasive delivery of methotrexate to arthritic joints in guinea pig model. The microneedle patch was found to elicit minimal immune response and ensured sustained release of the drug that was manifested through faster restoration of mobility and a distinct reduction in inflammatory and rheumatoid markers at the joints when compared to untreated and those treated through conventional hypodermic injections. Our results demonstrate the promise of microneedle-based platform for an effective arthritic therapy.
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems with a back-up Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) mitigate power system-related issues including ever-increasing load demand, power loss, voltage deviation, and need ...for power system upgradation as the integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) increases load while charging. This paper investigates the improvements of system parameters such as voltage, power loss, and loading capabilities of IEEE-69 bus Radial Distribution System (RDS) with PV/BESS-powered EV Charging Stations (CSs). The RDS is divided into different zones depending on the total number of EVs, EV charging time, and available CS service time. One CS is assigned to each zone. An energy management strategy is developed to direct the power flow among the CS, PV panel, BESS, and the utility grid according to time of use of electricity price. The BESS is allowed to sell excess energy stored to the utility grid during peak hours. Multi-Course Teaching Learning-Based multi-objective Optimization (MCTLBO) is used to optimize the size of PV/BESS system and the locations of CSs in each zone to minimize both the annual CS operating cost and the system active power loss. The results validate the proper function of optimal PV/BESS to power CS for techno-economic improvement of the system.
This paper carries on investigation to study the effects of variable magnetic field and thermal radiation on free convective flow of an electrically conducting incompressible nanofluid over an ...exponential stretching sheet. The model implemented in the present study significantly enriches the thermal conductivity and hence more heat transfer capability of nanofluids. The transformed governing equations have been solved numerically using fourth-order Runge–Kutta method along with shooting technique. The influence of variable magnetic field and thermal radiation associated with thermal buoyancy on the dimensionless velocity, temperature, skin friction and Nusselt number have been analyzed. The obtained numerical results in the present study are validated and found to be in excellent agreement with some previous results seen in the literature. The present study contributes to the result that augmented Hartmann number belittles the fluid flow and enhances the fluid temperature and the related thermal boundary layer thickness.
This paper presents development and performance assessment of an innovative and a highly potent graphene-electrolyte capacitive sensor (GECS) based on the supercapacitor model. Although graphene has ...been widely researched and adapted in supercapacitors as electrode material, this combination has not been applied in sensor technology. A low base capacitance, generally the impeding factor in capacitive sensors, is addressed by incorporating electric double layer capacitance in GECS, and a million-fold increase in base capacitance is achieved. The high base capacitance (∼22.0 μF) promises to solve many inherent issues pertaining to capacitive sensors. GECS is fabricated by using thermally reduced microwave exfoliated graphene oxide material to form interdigitated electrodes coated with solid-state electrolyte which forms the double layer capacitance. The capacitance response of GECS on subjecting to strain is examined and an enormous operating range (∼300 nF) is seen, which is the salient feature of this sensor. The GECS showed an impressive device sensitivity of 11.24 nF kPa-1 and good immunity towards noise i.e. lead capacitance and stray capacitance. Two regimes of operation are identified based on the procedure of device fabrication. The device can be applied to varied applications and one such biomedical application of breath pattern monitoring is demonstrated.
This paper mainly focuses on the influence of transverse magnetic field as well as thermal radiation on three-dimensional free convective flow of nanofluid over a linear stretching sheet. One ...remarkable aspect of this study is that a new micro-convection model namely Patel model has been introduced in view of enhancement of thermal conductivity and hence more heat transfer capability of nanofluid. The non-linear partial differential equations have been converted into strong non-linear ordinary differential equations by employing suitable transformations and these transformed equations are solved by Runga-Kutta method of fourth order along with Shooting technique as well as Secant method for better approximation. From this study, it is found that the presence of magnetic field slows down the fluid motion while it enhances the fluid temperature leading to a reduction in heat transfer rate from the surface. It is also found that enhancing thermal radiation parameter causes a reduction in heat transfer rate.
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of three dimensional permeable stretching sheet under the effects of transverse magnetic field. Display omitted
•This paper investigates the 3D steady flow of nanofluids through permeable stretching sheet.•This model is applicable in controlling the cooling rate which is imperative for many process industries.•Velocity profile enhances and temperature profile reduces with increasing the buoyancy effects.•Thermal boundary layer thickness elaborates for high value of radiation parameter and Peclet number.•Isotherms converge to the origin for all values of nanoparticle volume fraction.
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Emerging engineering and industrial needs made the prime concern of this article to investigate the thermal management on the cross flow of micropolar fluids over a thin needle moving in a parallel ...stream. The flow is subject to binary chemical reaction and Arrhenius activation energy. The mathematical model of the considered physical problem consists of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations: conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and concentration equation. The dimensionless transformed governing equations subject to the given boundary conditions have been solved directly by the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg fourth- fifth-order method followed by the shooting technique. Graphical results relative to the interaction effects of dynamic thermo-physical dimensionless parameters such as Richardson parameter, Dufour number, Soret number, Prandtl number, temperature ratio parameter, nondimensional activation energy, chemical reaction parameter and velocity ratio parameter controlling the flow, heat and mass transfer features are presented and analyzed. It can be seen, from the study, that the skin friction due to angular velocity reduces with increase in size of the needle and it upsurges due to the increase in material parameter. The obtained numerical results revealed that the augmented Richardson parameter is in favor of a greater heat transfer enhancement. The obtained results show a better agreement of this model with the previously published results.
The current pandemic has forced the healthcare system into a transformation where the patients are required to be continuously monitored without the need for hospitalization. The advances in wearable ...sensors with their ability to sense various body parameters precisely have helped in accelerating the personalized healthcare revolution. The selection of sensing material and its properties lay the foundation for designing flexible sensors and carrying out reliable measurements. Sensing materials for wearable applications, in general, are expected to be flexible, biocompatible, electrically conducting, electrochemically active, and of low cost. Ti
3
C
2
-MXene is a new two-dimensional transition metal carbide that belongs to the family of MXenes, which meets many of the material requirements for biochemical sensing applications. In the present work, we discuss the properties of Ti
3
C
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-MXene in detail and analyze its potential in the development of wearable biosensors. A review of recent developments in this rapidly developing field and suggestions for future research directions are presented.
Schematic representation of MXene based wearable sensors for various applications.
Wire coating is an important industrial process as it provides insulation and mechanical strength. The most important plastic resins used in coating of wires are plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ...and low/high density polyethylene (LDPE/HDPE), nylon and polysulfone. The designs of wire coating die are of fundamental importance as these affect the final product after processing. In the present study wire coating is performed using melt polymer satisfying third grade fluid model. The novelty of this study is to analyze the effect of a radial magnetic field and varying temperature dependent viscosity on the wire coating. In our discussion we have considered (i) Reynolds model (ii) Vogel’s model to account for temperature dependent viscosity. We have investigated the flow in a pressure type die. The equations characterizing the flow and heat transfer phenomena are solved numerically and the effects of emerging parameters are shown with the help of graphs. It is interesting to remark that an increase in non-Newtonian parameter increases the velocity in the absence of magnetic field which coincides with the results reported earlier but in the presence of magnetic field the velocity decreases in the entire span of the flow domain. Further, the flow instability in the flows of extrusion die is well marked in case of Vogel’s model as pointed out by Nhan-Phan-Thien.
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