Contexte : Pour les survivants du cancer prostatique avancé, les interventions en soins de soutien peuvent améliorer la qualité de vie et les résultats cliniques. Même si ces patients ont très ...fréquemment des besoins non satisfaits, peu de soins de soutien leur sont prodigués.
Méthodologie : Les bases de données PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL et ProQuest ont été interrogées à la recherche d’articles pertinents. Les données ont été extraites, organisées par élément thématique et classées selon les sept domaines du Cadre des soins de soutien pour les soins en oncologie.
Résultats : La recherche a permis de relever 1 678 articles, dont 18 ont été inclus dans la revue et ont fait l’objet d’une évaluation critique. La plupart des études étaient transversales avec de petits échantillons non diversifiés. Les interventions en soins de soutien rapportées pour les survivants du cancer prostatique avancé sont limitées, mais tendent à être positives. La plupart des critères étaient axés sur les symptômes déclarés par les patients (ex. anxiété, douleur, auto-efficacité), et évalués au moyen de questionnaires ou d’entretiens. Les interventions réalisées en groupe ont donné de meilleurs résultats.
Conclusions : Les hommes atteints d’un cancer prostatique avancé ont besoin d’interventions supplémentaires en soins de soutien. En raison de leur rôle essentiel dans les soins aux patients cancéreux, les chercheurs en sciences infirmières et les infirmières cliniciennes doivent faire équipe pour trouver et élaborer des interventions en soins de soutien axées sur le patient et adaptées à la culture qui améliorent la qualité de vie et les résultats cliniques. Il faut centrer les efforts sur l’échantillonnage, les domaines des besoins, le cadre théorique, les lignes directrices et les instruments de mesure.
Verteporfin photodynamic therapy (vPDT) is a selective vaso-occlusive treatment that targets choroidal vascular abnormalities. It was initially developed to treat neovascular age-related macular ...degeneration using the 'standard' vPDT protocol (verteporfin 6 mg/m(2), vPDT laser fluence 50 J/cm(2)). vPDT therapy has subsequently evolved as an important treatment modality for a range of other chorioretinal conditions including choroidal haemangioma, central serous chorioretinopathy, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and peripapillary choroidal neovascularisation. Various 'safety-enhanced' vPDT protocols have been devised to optimise treatment outcomes, typically using reduced dose verteporfin (verteporfin 3 mg/m(2)) or reduced fluence vPDT (vPDT laser fluence 25 J/cm(2)). This paper reviews the current role of vPDT therapy in the treatment of chorioretinal conditions.
Disruption of systemic homeostasis by either chronic or acute stressors, such as obesity
or surgery
, alters cancer pathogenesis. Patients with cancer, particularly those with breast cancer, can be ...at increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to treatment toxicity and changes in lifestyle behaviors
. While elevated risk and incidence of cardiovascular events in breast cancer is well established, whether such events impact cancer pathogenesis is not known. Here we show that myocardial infarction (MI) accelerates breast cancer outgrowth and cancer-specific mortality in mice and humans. In mouse models of breast cancer, MI epigenetically reprogrammed Ly6C
monocytes in the bone marrow reservoir to an immunosuppressive phenotype that was maintained at the transcriptional level in monocytes in both the circulation and tumor. In parallel, MI increased circulating Ly6C
monocyte levels and recruitment to tumors and depletion of these cells abrogated MI-induced tumor growth. Furthermore, patients with early-stage breast cancer who experienced cardiovascular events after cancer diagnosis had increased risk of recurrence and cancer-specific death. These preclinical and clinical results demonstrate that MI induces alterations in systemic homeostasis, triggering cross-disease communication that accelerates breast cancer.
Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental physical process in plasmas whereby stored magnetic energy is converted into heat and kinetic energy of charged particles. Reconnection occurs in many ...astrophysical plasma environments and in laboratory plasmas. Using measurements with very high time resolution, NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission has found direct evidence for electron demagnetization and acceleration at sites along the sunward boundary of Earth's magnetosphere where the interplanetary magnetic field reconnects with the terrestrial magnetic field. We have (i) observed the conversion of magnetic energy to particle energy; (ii) measured the electric field and current, which together cause the dissipation of magnetic energy; and (iii) identified the electron population that carries the current as a result of demagnetization and acceleration within the reconnection diffusion/dissipation region.
Given the increasing incidence and prevalence of skin cancer, dermatologists are more frequently recommending sunscreens to their patients. However, the safety of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide ...nanosized particles in the majority of sunscreens has come under scrutiny from governments and the general public. We sought to characterize the use, safety, and regulatory state of nanosized particles in titanium dioxide and zinc oxide in sunscreens based on studies and position statements from 1980 to 2008. Although we found no evidence of significant penetration of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanosized particles beyond the stratum corneum, further studies must be done to simulate real-world conditions particularly in sunburned skin and under ultraviolet exposure.
Introduction There is epidemiological evidence that metal contaminants may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and its complications. Moreover, a recent clinical trial of a metal ...chelator had a surprisingly positive result in reducing cardiovascular events in a secondary prevention population, strengthening the link between metal exposure and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This is, therefore, an opportune moment to review evidence that exposure to metal pollutants, such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury, is a significant risk factor for CVD. Methods We reviewed the English-speaking medical literature to assess and present the epidemiological evidence that 4 metals having no role in the human body (xenobiotic), mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic, have epidemiologic and mechanistic links to atherosclerosis and CVD. Moreover, we briefly review how the results of the Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) strengthen the link between atherosclerosis and xenobiotic metal contamination in humans. Conclusions There is strong evidence that xenobiotic metal contamination is linked to atherosclerotic disease and is a modifiable risk factor.
Isoprenoids are the most numerous and structurally diverse family of natural products. Terpenoids, a class of isoprenoids often isolated from plants, are used as commercial flavor and fragrance ...compounds and antimalarial or anticancer drugs. Because plant tissue extractions typically yield low terpenoid concentrations, we sought an alternative method to produce high-value terpenoid compounds, such as the antimalarial drug artemisinin, in a microbial host. We engineered the expression of a synthetic amorpha-4,11-diene synthase gene and the mevalonate isoprenoid pathway from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Escherichia coli. Concentrations of amorphadiene, the sesquiterpene olefin precursor to artemisinin, reached 24 microg caryophyllene equivalent/ml. Because isopentenyl and dimethylallyl pyrophosphates are the universal precursors to all isoprenoids, the strains developed in this study can serve as platform hosts for the production of any terpenoid compound for which a terpene synthase gene is available.
The persistence of vegetation under climate change will depend on a plant’s capacity to exploit water resources. We analyzed water source dynamics in piñon pine and juniper trees subjected to ...precipitation reduction, atmospheric warming, and to both simultaneously.
Piñon and juniper exhibited different and opposite shifts in water uptake depth in response to experimental stress and background climate over 3 yr. During a dry summer, juniper responded to warming with a shift to shallow water sources, whereas piñon pine responded to precipitation reduction with a shift to deeper sources in autumn. In normal and wet summers, both species responded to precipitation reduction, but juniper increased deep water uptake and piñon increased shallow water uptake.
Shifts in the utilization of water sources were associated with reduced stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, suggesting that belowground compensation in response to warming and water reduction did not alleviate stress impacts for gas exchange.
We have demonstrated that predicted climate change could modify water sources of trees. Warming impairs juniper uptake of deep sources during extended dry periods. Precipitation reduction alters the uptake of shallow sources following extended droughts for piñon. Shifts in water sources may not compensate for climate change impacts on tree physiology.
Ultra-compact, densely integrated optical components manufactured on a CMOS-foundry platform are highly desirable for optical information processing and electronic-photonic co-integration. However, ...the large spatial extent of evanescent waves arising from nanoscale confinement, ubiquitous in silicon photonic devices, causes significant cross-talk and scattering loss. Here, we demonstrate that anisotropic all-dielectric metamaterials open a new degree of freedom in total internal reflection to shorten the decay length of evanescent waves. We experimentally show the reduction of cross-talk by greater than 30 times and the bending loss by greater than 3 times in densely integrated, ultra-compact photonic circuit blocks. Our prototype all-dielectric metamaterial-waveguide achieves a low propagation loss of approximately 3.7±1.0 dB/cm, comparable to those of silicon strip waveguides. Our approach marks a departure from interference-based confinement as in photonic crystals or slot waveguides, which utilize nanoscale field enhancement. Its ability to suppress evanescent waves without substantially increasing the propagation loss shall pave the way for all-dielectric metamaterial-based dense integration.
Crying is a universal vocalization in human infants, as well as in the infants of other mammals. Little is known about the neural structures underlying cry production, or the circuitry that mediates ...a caregiver's response to cry sounds. In this review, the specific structures known or suspected to be involved in this circuit are identified, along with neurochemical systems and hormones for which evidence suggests a role in responding to infants and infant cries. In addition, evidence that crying elicits parental responses in different mammals is presented. An argument is made for including ‘crying’ as a functional category in the vocal repertoire of all mammalian infants (and the adults of some species). The prevailing neural model for crying production considers forebrain structures to be dispensable. However, evidence for the anterior cingulate gyrus in cry production, and this structure along with the amygdala and some other forebrain areas in responding to cries is presented.
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