A major obstacle in understanding the evolution of Cenozoic climate has been the lack of well dated terrestrial evidence from high-latitude, glaciated regions. Here, we report the discovery of ...exceptionally well preserved fossils of lacustrine and terrestrial organisms from the McMurdo Dry Valleys sector of the Transantarctic Mountains for which we have established a precise radiometric chronology. The fossils, which include diatoms, palynomorphs, mosses, ostracodes, and insects, represent the last vestige of a tundra community that inhabited the mountains before stepped cooling that first brought a full polar climate to Antarctica. Paleoecological analyses, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analyses of associated ash fall, and climate inferences from glaciological modeling together suggest that mean summer temperatures in the region cooled by at least 8°C between 14.07 ± 0.05 Ma and 13.85 ± 0.03 Ma. These results provide novel constraints for the timing and amplitude of middle-Miocene cooling in Antarctica and reveal the ecological legacy of this global climate transition.
This essay explores the narrative of “aboriginal absence,” arguably the foundational colonial myth of Caribbean history. Since the early colonial period, the space of the “native” in the Caribbean ...context has been treated as a space left vacant for others to fill. Beginning in the 1960s, this narrative of aboriginal absence was widely incorporated across a range of genres into texts that constitute the anglophone Caribbean's decolonizing intellectual tradition. The essay critically engages with the claim—made most poignantly by Sylvia Wynter and Kamau Brathwaite—that diasporic peoples have indigenized in the Caribbean and replaced the region's first aboriginal peoples. In particular, Guyana's debates over the Amerindian Act illustrate the profoundly colonial implications of adopting “indigenization” as actual state practice.
Aims
(1) To classify Australian adolescents according to their alcohol consumption trajectories; and (2) to assess the direct and interactive effects of perceived peer drinking (PPD) and personality ...on adolescent drinking.
Design
Prospective cohort study comprising secondary analysis of six waves of prospective data (collected between 2014 and 2016) from the control arm of the Climate Schools Combined Study.
Setting
Nineteen schools across three Australian states.
Participants
A total of 1492 socio‐demographically diverse students (mean age at baseline: 13.47; 68% female; 82% born in Australia).
Measurements
Alcohol consumption trajectories were assessed using self‐reported sipping of alcohol, full standard drink consumption, binge drinking and quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption. One item assessed PPD and personality was assessed using the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale.
Findings
Eight hundred and sixty‐four (58%) adolescents consumed alcohol across the study period. Four drinking trajectories were identified: abstaining (n = 513; reference group); onset (n = 361; initiated after baseline); persistent (n = 531; initiated prior to baseline); and decreasing (n = 50; consumed alcohol at baseline but ceased or decreased thereafter). A significant PPD × anxiety sensitivity (AS) interaction affected probability of belonging to the onset (P < 0.001) and persistent (P = 0.003) trajectories. The effect of PPD on probability of belonging to the onset trajectory was only significant when adolescents reported low 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.464–2.646, P < 0.001, but not high AS. The effect of PPD on probability of belonging to the persistent drinking trajectory was stronger at low (95% CI = 2.144–3.283, P < 0.001), compared with high (95% CI = 1.440–2.308, P < 0.001) AS.
Conclusions
In Australian adolescents, self‐reported drinking onset and persistent drinking appear to be more strongly associated with perceived peer drinking in those with low anxiety sensitivity than those with high anxiety sensitivity.
Early adolescent drinking has been identified as an important risk factor for the development of alcohol dependence. Both perceived peer drinking and personality profiles have been implicated as risk ...factors for early adolescent drinking. However, research is yet to determine how these 2 factors may interact to increase such risk. This study aimed to determine whether personality profiles moderated the relationship between perceived peer drinking and early adolescent drinking. Baseline data were utilized in the analyses, from 3,287 adolescents (Mage = 13.51 years, SD = .58; 54% female; 78% born in Australia) participating in the Climate Schools Combined Study (a cluster randomized controlled trial with 75 schools located across Queensland, New South Wales, and Western Australia, Australia). Lifetime consumption of alcohol, perceived peer drinking, and personality profiles (Substance Use Risk Profile Scale) were measured. A moderated binary logistic regression found the personality profiles of impulsivity, sensation seeking, and hopelessness were positively related to early adolescent drinking, whereas anxiety sensitivity had a negative association. A significant interaction revealed that adolescents with higher levels of sensation seeking and who perceived their peers to be drinking were significantly more likely to report early adolescent drinking (consumption of a full standard drink; OR = 1.043; 95% CI 1.018-1.069). These results indicate that perception of peer drinking is more strongly associated with early adolescent drinking, when adolescents are also high on sensation seeking. Prevention and intervention programs could consider targeting both sensation seeking and perceived peer drinking in adolescents.
"The Race Leapt at Sauteurs" Newton, Melanie J.
Caribbean quarterly,
20/6/1/, Letnik:
60, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
According to Du Tertre, the Englishman Warner, having been a victim of Spanish cruelty, sought to differentiate himself from the Spanish and "lived in the same good intelligence with the natives as ...we French". According to Du Tertre, "the multitude of Savages who lived there and ... its distance from the island of St Christopher" frustrated French desires to take possession of Grenada. 3 3 In June 1646 the Compagnie assigned Martinique governor Jacques du Parquet the task of settling Grenada, because he had "conducted himself so valiantly with the Savages of Martinique, where he was in command, and also with those of Grenada, who had begged him to come and live among them".34 Du Parquet moved quickly, knowing how "inconstant" were the "barbarians". The 2002 short film installation Carib's Leap, Western Deep by acclaimed British Grenadian artist and filmmaker Steve McQueen was described by UK newspaper the Guardian as "a film of collapsed time, of Grenada today and the memory of the mass suicide of the native Caribs, who in 1651 preferred to jump from the cliffs at a place now called Carib's Leap, rather than submit to the French, who . . . drove the natives from their land".48 The disembodied voice of Wikipedia describes Sauteurs as the place where "the last remaining Carib Natives in Grenada jumped off a 40-meter-tall cliff sic\ later named Caribs' Leap to their deaths in 1651 rather than face domination by the conquering French".49 The Grenada Board ofTourism's website omits all reference to the Sauteurs battle, but notes, "The Grenada of your Spice Experience is the collective influence of long gone Amerindian customs, French and English ownership, infused with African, East Indian, European and Caribbean ancestry. According to the narrative, the Black Caribs originated in a slave ship bound for Barbados that wrecked off the coast of St Vincent.
This essay, an introduction to the special section on Caribbean historiography in this issue, reflects on Caribbean historiography's role in the pursuit of redress for historic injustices by ...exploring what three recent landmark legal developments reveal about Haiti's place in the Caribbean's past, present, and future. From the vantage point of Haiti, the 2004 coup, the 2010 earthquake, and the exploitation of Haitians in the Dominican Republic demonstrate the important—yet politically, ethically, and legally fraught—role of Caribbean historians and the histories they produce in struggles for legal justice. At the same time, these three legal cases exemplify how forced labor and colonization practices remain lived realities, complicating efforts to translate historical analysis into legal redress.
In December 1832, less than a year before the British Parliament passed the first imperial slave emancipation bill, an all-white jury in the British Caribbean colony of Barbados convicted a black, ...enslaved man named Robert James of having robbed and sexually violated Margaret Higginbotham, an impoverished white widow and mother. Since Robert James was a black man accused of raping a white woman the jury's decision could hardly have surprised anyone and his rapid dispatch by a hangman must have been universally expected.
A tree ring oxygen isotope (δ18OTR) chronology developed from one species (Cedrela odorata) growing in a single site has been shown to be a sensitive proxy for rainfall over the Amazon Basin, thus ...allowing reconstructions of precipitation in a region where meteorological records are short and scarce. Although these results suggest that there should be large-scale (>100km) spatial coherence of δ18OTR records in the Amazon, this has not been tested. Furthermore, it is of interest to investigate whether other, possibly longer-lived, species similarly record interannual variation of Amazon precipitation, and can be used to develop climate sensitive isotope chronologies. In this study, we measured δ18O in tree rings from seven lowland and one highland tree species from Bolivia. We found that cross-dating with δ18OTR gave more accurate tree ring dates than using ring width. Our “isotope cross-dating approach” is confirmed with radiocarbon “bomb-peak” dates, and has the potential to greatly facilitate development of δ18OTR records in the tropics, identify dating errors, and check annual ring formation in tropical trees. Six of the seven lowland species correlated significantly with C. odorata, showing that variation in δ18OTR has a coherent imprint across very different species, most likely arising from a dominant influence of source water δ18O on δ18OTR. In addition we show that δ18OTR series cohere over large distances, within and between species. Comparison of two C. odorata δ18OTR chronologies from sites several hundreds of kilometres apart showed a very strong correlation (r=0.80, p<0.001, 1901–2001), and a significant (but weaker) relationship was found between lowland C. odorata trees and a Polylepis tarapacana tree growing in the distant Altiplano (r=0.39, p<0.01, 1931–2001). This large-scale coherence of δ18OTR records is probably triggered by a strong spatial coherence in precipitation δ18O due to large-scale controls. These results highlight the strength of δ18OTR as a precipitation proxy, and open the way for temporal and spatial expansion of precipitation reconstructions in South America.
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•Oxygen isotope ratios of tree ring cellulose were measured in eight tropical tree species.•Isotope cross-dating improved accuracy of tree ring dates.•Common isotopic signal found in seven out of eight species studied.•Isotope records correlated strongly between distant sites.
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