Longitudinal research on specific forms of electronic screen use and mental health symptoms in children and youth during COVID-19 is minimal. Understanding the association may help develop policies ...and interventions targeting specific screen activities to promote healthful screen use and mental health in children and youth.
To determine whether specific forms of screen use (television TV or digital media, video games, electronic learning, and video-chatting time) were associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, conduct problems, irritability, hyperactivity, and inattention in children and youth during COVID-19.
A longitudinal cohort study with repeated measures of exposures and outcomes was conducted in children and youth aged 2 to 18 years in Ontario, Canada, between May 2020 and April 2021 across 4 cohorts of children or youth: 2 community cohorts and 2 clinically referred cohorts. Parents were asked to complete repeated questionnaires about their children's health behaviors and mental health symptoms during COVID-19.
The exposure variables were children's daily TV or digital media time, video game time, electronic-learning time, and video-chatting time. The mental health outcomes were parent-reported symptoms of child depression, anxiety, conduct problems and irritability, and hyperactivity/inattention using validated standardized tools.
This study included 2026 children with 6648 observations. In younger children (mean SD age, 5.9 2.5 years; 275 male participants 51.7%), higher TV or digital media time was associated with higher levels of conduct problems (age 2-4 years: β, 0.22 95% CI, 0.10-0.35; P < .001; age ≥4 years: β, 0.07 95% CI, 0.02-0.11; P = .007) and hyperactivity/inattention (β, 0.07 95% CI, 0.006-0.14; P = .04). In older children and youth (mean SD age, 11.3 3.3 years; 844 male participants 56.5%), higher levels of TV or digital media time were associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and inattention; higher levels of video game time were associated with higher levels of depression, irritability, inattention, and hyperactivity. Higher levels of electronic learning time were associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety.
In this cohort study, higher levels of screen use were associated poor mental health of children and youth during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings suggest that policy intervention as well as evidence-informed social supports are needed to promote healthful screen use and mental health in children and youth during the pandemic and beyond.
IntroductionThe purpose of this study is to assess the ability of two new ECG markers (Regional Repolarisation Instability Index (R2I2) and Peak Electrical Restitution Slope) to predict sudden ...cardiac death (SCD) or ventricular arrhythmia (VA) events in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy undergoing implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator for primary prevention indication.Methods and analysisMulticentre Investigation of Novel Electrocardiogram Risk markers in Ventricular Arrhythmia prediction is a prospective, open label, single blinded, multicentre observational study to establish the efficacy of two ECG biomarkers in predicting VA risk. 440 participants with ischaemic cardiomyopathy undergoing routine first time implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation for primary prevention indication are currently being recruited. An electrophysiological (EP) study is performed using a non-invasive programmed electrical stimulation protocol via the implanted device. All participants will undergo the EP study hence no randomisation is required. Participants will be followed up over a minimum of 18 months and up to 3 years. The first patient was recruited in August 2016 and the study will be completed at the final participant follow-up visit. The primary endpoint is ventricular fibrillation or sustained ventricular tachycardia >200 beats/min as recorded by the ICD. The secondary endpoint is SCD. Analysis of the ECG data obtained during the EP study will be performed by the core lab where blinding of patient health status and endpoints will be maintained.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been granted by Research Ethics Committees Northern Ireland (reference no. 16/NI/0069). The results will inform the design of a definitive Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT). Dissemination will include peer reviewed journal articles reporting the qualitative and quantitative results, as well as presentations at conferences and lay summaries.Trial registration numberNCT03022487.
Circinus X-1 is a bright and highly variable X-ray binary which displays strong and rapid evolution in all wavebands. Radio flaring, associated with the production of a relativistic jet, occurs ...periodically on a ∼17-d time-scale. A longer term envelope modulates the peak radio fluxes in flares, ranging from peaks in excess of a Jansky in the 1970s to a historic low of milliJanskys during the years 1994-2006. Here, we report first observations of this source with the MeerKAT (Karoo Array Telescope) test array, KAT-7, part of the pathfinder development for the African dish component of the Square Kilometre Array, demonstrating successful scientific operation for variable and transient sources with the test array. The KAT-7 observations at 1.9 GHz during the period 2011 December 13 to 2012 January 16 reveal in temporal detail the return to the Jansky-level events observed in the 1970s. We compare these data to contemporaneous single-dish measurements at 4.8 and 8.5 GHz with the HartRAO 26-m telescope and X-ray monitoring from MAXI. We discuss whether the overall modulation and recent dramatic brightening is likely to be due to an increase in the power of the jet due to changes in accretion rate or changing Doppler boosting associated with a varying angle to the line of sight.
ABSTRACT
We present the first resolved imaging of the milliarcsecond‐scale jets in the neutron star X‐ray binary Circinus X‐1, made using the Australian Long Baseline Array. The angular extent of the ...resolved jets is ∼20 mas, corresponding to a physical scale of ∼150 au at the assumed distance of 7.8 kpc. The jet position angle is relatively consistent with previous arcsecond‐scale imaging with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. The radio emission is symmetric about the peak, and is unresolved along the minor axis, constraining the opening angle to be <20°. We observe evidence for outward motion of the components between the two halves of the observation. Constraints on the proper motion of the radio‐emitting components suggest that they are only mildly relativistic, although we cannot definitively rule out the presence of the unseen, ultrarelativistic (Γ > 15) flow previously inferred to exist in this system.
Antiplatelet therapy reduces the risk of major vascular events for people with occlusive vascular disease, although it might increase the risk of intracranial haemorrhage. Patients surviving the ...commonest subtype of intracranial haemorrhage, intracerebral haemorrhage, are at risk of both haemorrhagic and occlusive vascular events, but whether antiplatelet therapy can be used safely is unclear. We aimed to estimate the relative and absolute effects of antiplatelet therapy on recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage and whether this risk might exceed any reduction of occlusive vascular events.
The REstart or STop Antithrombotics Randomised Trial (RESTART) was a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint, parallel-group trial at 122 hospitals in the UK. We recruited adults (≥18 years) who were taking antithrombotic (antiplatelet or anticoagulant) therapy for the prevention of occlusive vascular disease when they developed intracerebral haemorrhage, discontinued antithrombotic therapy, and survived for 24 h. Computerised randomisation incorporating minimisation allocated participants (1:1) to start or avoid antiplatelet therapy. We followed participants for the primary outcome (recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage) for up to 5 years. We analysed data from all randomised participants using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for minimisation covariates. This trial is registered with ISRCTN (number ISRCTN71907627).
Between May 22, 2013, and May 31, 2018, 537 participants were recruited a median of 76 days (IQR 29–146) after intracerebral haemorrhage onset: 268 were assigned to start and 269 (one withdrew) to avoid antiplatelet therapy. Participants were followed for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·0– 3·0; completeness 99·3%). 12 (4%) of 268 participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy had recurrence of intracerebral haemorrhage compared with 23 (9%) of 268 participants allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (adjusted hazard ratio 0·51 95% CI 0·25–1·03; p=0·060). 18 (7%) participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy experienced major haemorrhagic events compared with 25 (9%) participants allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (0·71 0·39–1·30; p=0·27), and 39 15% participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy had major occlusive vascular events compared with 38 14% allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (1·02 0·65–1·60; p=0·92).
These results exclude all but a very modest increase in the risk of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage with antiplatelet therapy for patients on antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of occlusive vascular disease when they developed intracerebral haemorrhage. The risk of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage is probably too small to exceed the established benefits of antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention.
British Heart Foundation.
A recent detection of the peculiar neutron star X-ray binary Circinus X-1 with electronic very long baseline interferometry (e-VLBI) prompted the suggestion that compact, non-variable radio emission ...persists through the entire 16.6-d orbit of the binary system. We present the results of a high angular resolution monitoring campaign conducted with the Australian Long Baseline Array in real-time e-VLBI mode. e-VLBI observations of Circinus X-1 were made on alternate days over a period of 20 d covering the full binary orbit. A compact radio source associated with Circinus X-1 was clearly detected at orbital phases following periastron passage, but no compact radio emission was detected at any other orbital phase, ruling out the presence of a persistent, compact emitting region at our sensitivity levels. The jet was not resolved at any epoch of our 1.4-GHz monitoring campaign, suggesting that the ultrarelativistic flow previously inferred to exist in this source is likely to be dark. We discuss these findings within the context of previous radio monitoring of Circinus X-1.
The SARAO MeerKAT 1.3 GHz Galactic Plane Survey Goedhart, S; Camilo, F; Thompson, M A ...
Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
06/2024, Letnik:
531, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Odprti dostop
ABSTRACT We present the SARAO MeerKAT Galactic Plane Survey (SMGPS), a 1.3 GHz continuum survey of almost half of the Galactic Plane (251° ≤l ≤ 358° and 2° ≤l ≤ 61° at |b| ≤ $1{_{.}^{\circ}}5$). ...SMGPS is the largest, most sensitive, and highest angular resolution 1 GHz survey of the plane yet carried out, with an angular resolution of 8 arcsec and a broad-band root-mean-square sensitivity of ∼10–20 μJy beam−1. Here, we describe the first publicly available data release from SMGPS which comprises data cubes of frequency-resolved images over 908–1656 MHz, power-law fits to the images, and broad-band zeroth moment integrated intensity images. A thorough assessment of the data quality and guidance for future usage of the data products are given. Finally, we discuss the tremendous potential of SMGPS by showcasing highlights of the Galactic and extragalactic science that it permits. These highlights include the discovery of a new population of non-thermal radio filaments; identification of new candidate supernova remnants, pulsar wind nebulae and planetary nebulae; improved radio/mid-infrared classification of rare luminous blue variables and discovery of associated extended radio nebulae; new radio stars identified by Bayesian cross-matching techniques; the realization that many of the largest radio-quiet Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) H ii region candidates are not true H ii regions; and a large sample of previously undiscovered background H i galaxies in the Zone of Avoidance.
This pharmacologic protection trial was conducted to test the hypothesis that allopurinol, a scavenger and inhibitor of oxygen free radical production, could reduce death, seizures, coma, and cardiac ...events in infants who underwent heart surgery using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA).
This was a single center, randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded trial of allopurinol in infant heart surgery using DHCA. Enrolled infants were stratified as having hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and all other forms of congenital heart disease (non-HLHS). Drug was administered before, during, and after surgery. Adverse events and the clinical efficacy endpoints death, seizures, coma, and cardiac events were monitored until infants were discharged from the intensive care unit or 6 weeks, whichever came first.
Between July 1992 and September 1997, 350 infants were enrolled and 348 subsequently randomized. A total of 318 infants (131 HLHS and 187 non-HLHS) underwent heart surgery using DHCA. There was a nonsignificant treatment effect for the primary efficacy endpoint analysis (death, seizures, and coma), which was consistent over the 2 strata. The addition of cardiac events to the primary endpoint resulted in a lack of consistency of treatment effect over strata, with the allopurinol treatment group experiencing fewer events (38% vs 60%) in the entire HLHS stratum, compared with the non-HLHS stratum (30% vs 27%). In HLHS surgical survivors, 40 of 47 (85%) allopurinol-treated infants did not experience any endpoint event, compared with 27 of 49 (55%) controls. There were fewer seizures-only and cardiac-only events in the allopurinol versus placebo groups. Allopurinol did not reduce efficacy endpoint events in non-HLHS infants. Treated and control infants did not differ in adverse events.
Allopurinol provided significant neurocardiac protection in higher-risk HLHS infants who underwent cardiac surgery using DHCA. No benefits were demonstrated in lower risk, non-HLHS infants, and no significant adverse events were associated with allopurinol treatment.congenital heart defects, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, induced hypothermia, ischemia-reperfusion injury, neuroprotective agents, allopurinol, xanthine oxidase, free radicals, seizures, coma.
The Rhodes/HartRAO 2326-MHz radio continuum survey Jonas, Justin L.; Baart, Eddie E.; Nicolson, George D.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
07/1998, Letnik:
297, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We have made scanning observations with the HartRAO 26-m radio telescope to obtain a pencil-beam map of 67 per cent of the sky at 2326 MHz. This is the highest resolution and highest frequency radio ...continuum map of this type made of such a large area of sky. In this paper we describe the observations and data reduction procedures used to produce the survey. The resulting map has an angular resolution (HPBW) of 20 arcmin, and the rms pointing accuracy is 1.2 arcmin. The rms noise fluctuations are less than 30-mK TFB over the whole map. We estimate that the uncertainty in the temperature scale is less than 5 per cent, and that the error in the absolute zero level is better than 80-mK TFB in any direction. High-contrast half-tone images of the data with a model of the diffuse galactic background subtracted are presented. These images show many complex emission structures up to and beyond 50° latitude, and illustrate the quality of the data. Extracts from the survey data are available via FTP by arrangement with the authors.
We present the results of a number of high resolution radio observations of the AGN 1156+295. These include multi-epoch and multi-frequency VLBI, VSOP, MERLIN and VLA observations made over a period ...of 50 months. The 5 GHz MERLIN images trace a straight jet extending to ~$2\arcsec$ at ${\rm PA} \sim -18\degr$. Extended low brightness emission was detected in the MERLIN observation at 1.6 GHz and the VLA observation at 8.5 GHz with a bend of ~$90\degr$ at the end of the 2 arcsec jet. A region of similar diffuse emission is also seen about 2 arcsec south of the radio core. The VLBI images of the blazar reveal a core-jet structure with an oscillating jet on a milli-arcsecond (mas) scale which aligns with the arcsecond jet at a distance of several tens of milli-arcseconds from the core. This probably indicates that the orientation of the jet structure is close to the line of sight, with the northern jet being relativistically beamed toward us. In this scenario the diffuse emission to the north and south is not beamed and appears symmetrical. For the northern jet at the mas scale, proper motions of $13.7\pm3.5, 10.6\pm2.8$, and $11.8\pm2.8\;c$ are measured in three distinct components of the jet ($q_0=0.5$, $H_0=65~$km s-1 Mpc-1 are used through out this paper). Highly polarised emission is detected on VLBI scales in the region in which the jet bends sharply to the north-west. The spectral index distribution of the source shows that the strongest compact component has a flat spectrum, and the extended jet has a steep spectrum. A helical trajectory along the surface of a cone was proposed based on the conservation laws for kinetic energy and momentum to explain the observed phenomena, which is in a good agreement with the observed results on scales of 1 mas to 1 arcsec.
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