Purpose of Review
Headaches are not only responsible for restrictions in everyday life in adults. In children and adolescents, regular headaches lead also to reduced life quality and limitations in ...the social sphere, in school education, and in professional careers. Here, we provide an overview on the frequency of headache in children and adolescents with the aim of increasing awareness about this particular health issue.
Recent Findings
Overall, headache prevalence in children and adolescents has been increasing in recent years. From various regions worldwide, data describing headache, its forms, and consequences are growing. In addition, factors frequently correlated with headache are repeatedly investigated and named: besides genetic factors, psychosocial and behavioral factors are linked to the prevalence of headache.
Summary
Increasing evidence indicates that headache is underestimated as a common disorder in children and adolescents. Accordingly, too little emphasis is placed by society on its prevention and treatment. Thus, the extent of the social and health economic burden of frequent headaches in children and adolescents needs to be better illustrated, worldwide. Furthermore, the data collected in this review should support the efforts to improve outpatient therapy paths for young headache patients. Factors correlating with headache in pupils can draw our attention to unmet needs of these patients and allow physicians to derive important therapy contents from this data.
The article proposes a pathway towards a theorisation of diversity. It is argued that diversity can be understood as referring to the complex outcomes of multifaceted processes in which various ...schemes of classifications are applied to persons and segments of populations. A growing interest in individuals and their qualities, combined with the development of information technologies, has stimulated a proliferation of person-related categories. Diversity offers an analytical lens for studying the relational qualities of various person-related differences, the interaction between categories of different scale and scope and their situational organisation. Thereby, it goes beyond notions of identity, on the one hand, and intersectionality, on the other. In the second part of the article, the outlined framework is applied to the cases of youth welfare practice in Stuttgart and Frankfurt. The focus of the case analysis is migration-related categories and how they relate to larger configurations of person-related differences in the field of youth welfare practice. It is argued that a diversity perspective, as suggested here, allows us to capture an element of opaqueness and ambiguity concerning migration-related differentiations that has implications for the understanding of ongoing debates about discrimination and racialisation.
•Using Monte Carlo simulation we compare conditional DEA, latent class SFA and StoNEZD.•In 200 scenarios, we focus on estimators ability to account for environmental factors.•Latent class SFA ...outperforms cDEA and StoNEZD in most scenarios.•Noise-to-signal ratio is most important determinant of estimation accuracy.
We compare three recently developed frontier estimators, namely the conditional DEA (Daraio and Simar, 2005; 2007b), the latent class SFA (Greene, 2005; Orea and Kumbhakar, 2004), and the StoNEZD approach (Johnson and Kuosmanen, 2011) by means of Monte Carlo simulation. We focus on their ability to identify production frontiers and efficiency rankings in the presence of environmental factors. Our simulations match features of real life datasets and cover a wide range of scenarios with variations in sample size, distribution of noise and inefficiency, as well as in distributions, intensity, and number of environmental variables. Our results provide insight in the finite sample properties of the estimators, while also identifying estimator-specific characteristics. Overall, the latent class approach is found to perform best, although in many cases StoNEZD shows a similar performance. Performance of cDEA is most often inferior.
Based on an ethnographic case study conducted in the Dormaa District, this article describes a group which has emerged in southern Ghana in the last decades and is called Burgers. Burgers are ...transnational migrants who have materially achieved a middle-class status in their country of origin by doing blue-collar jobs in Western Europe or North America. Their emergence as a class highlights the links between transnational migration, global inequalities and national imaginaries of social status. Since their relative wealth lacks conventional legitimations, these migrants are a cause of irritation to existing imaginaries of social status in Ghana. In this context, redistribution of resources and collaborative silences are central to understanding how Burgers negotiate their status and convert money into symbolic capital.
The article argues that transnationalism and border studies offer complementary perspectives where each can inspire the other. Based on two case studies, the notions of border dispositifs and border ...effects are developed as analytical lenses for researching and conceptualising the nexus between transnational migration and border regimes. While the border dispositifs perspective facilitates a de-reification of borders and shifts the focus on how inequalities are produced by specific border locations and situations, the border effects perspectives reifies the notion of border in order to capture structural effects which border regimes have on transnational migrants' lives. Finally, the article introduces the notion of border capital to theorise effects that borders have on resources of persons who are mobile across borders. It aims at capturing the impact of borders on inequalities between mobile and sedentary persons.
We analyze the effects of incentive regulation with revenue caps on the investment behaviors of 109 German electricity distribution companies. We hypothesize that with Germany's implementation of ...incentive regulation in 2009 firms increase their investments in the base year when the rate base is determined for the following regulatory period. We build a model that controls for both firm-specific heterogeneity and ownership. The results show that investments increase after 2009, especially in the base year. We find that publicly owned firms do not exhibit a different investment behavior than private firms. We conclude that a comprehensive assessment of investment decisions should include all institutional aspects of incentive regulation.
•We analyze the investment behavior of German electricity distribution companies.•Investments did not decrease after the implementation of incentive regulation in 2009.•Firms increase their investment in the base year.•Our empirical model explicitly accounts for firm specific heterogeneity.
Although it has been highlighted by several authors that the notion of diaspora has become a politicized identity discourse, little is known about how it becomes a banal part of migrants' everyday ...lives. Based on a theoretical understanding of banality, the article focuses on the interaction of the banal and the non-banal within this context of the fiftieth anniversary of Ghanaian independence in Berlin in 2007. It is argued that diasporic nationalist rituals are spaces of intersection between politicized and banal spheres of social life. By enacting and institutionalizing particular forms of interaction that are 'banalizing' dissent and conflict among migrants the examined series of public rituals contributed to give life-worldly relevance to the otherwise questionable and contested identity category of diaspora. In this sense, the primary product was not group formation but the banalization of diasporic nationalism as a category of identification.
The restructuring of the allocation of governmental competencies in France has increased the importance of subnational governments by transferring additional tasks. We analyse the efficiency of ...public spending on the intermediate government level for the 96 départements in metropolitan France in 2008. Spending efficiency is measured using Data Envelopment Analysis. Results indicate significant room for improvement and we detect an average spending inefficiency of 12%. To explain efficiency, a bootstrapped truncated regression is applied. The second-stage regression shows that efficiency is also determined by exogenous factors and identifies the distance to the national capital, inhabitants' income and the share of inhabitants older than 65 as significant determinants of efficiency.
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