The paper aims to design and prepare rhubarb free anthraquinones (RhA) loaded solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) to improve RhA's solubility and physical stability of RhA ...loaded nano emulsion. Suitable adsorbents of pre-concentrated RhA loaded nano emulsion were selected based on saturated adsorption capacity, flowability and reconsitution properties. The possible interactions among RhA, adsorbents and other excipients were investigated using powder X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. RhA loaded SNEDDS tablets were designed and optimized using central composite design. In vitro dissolution, pharmacokinetics and stress stability were comparatively conducted to validate the advantages of RhA loaded SNEDDS tablets. No chemical interactions existed between the main materials. The optimal RhA loaded SNEDDS tablet formulation consisted of 1:1(w/w) Neusilin US2/pre-concentrated RhA loaded nanoemulsion, 5.0% (w/w) PVPP, 1% (w/w) Mg stearate. More than 90% RhA released from RhA loaded SNEDDS tablets while less than 10% were released from control tablets within 360 min. RhA in the SNEDDS tablets showed much improved absorption in comparison to control tablets. The percentage contents of RhA in the SNEDDS tablets were decreased more slowly than in RhA loaded nanoemlusion under stress conditions. The current study suggests that RhA loaded SNEDDS tablets could be an effective approach to improve RhA's solubility, bioavailability and physical stability of RhA loaded nanoemulsion.
A solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system based on pre-concentrated RhA loaded nanoemulsion (RhA loaded SNEDDS tablets) was successfully prepared and evaluated. As we wished, RhA loaded SNEDDS tablets can effectively enhance the in vitro dissolution rate of RhA in simulated biological fluids and oral bioavailability in experimental rabbits, also improve the stability of RhA in liquid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (RhA loaded nanoemulsion). Display omitted
This study addressed the floral componenttraits and biomass allocation patterns of Gentianahexaphylla as well as the relationships of theseparameters along an elevation gradient（approximately 3700 m, ...3800 m, 3900 m, and 4000m） on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The plantheight, floral characteristics, and biomass allocationof G. hexaphylla were measured at different altitudesafter field sampling, sorting, and drying. Plant heightwas significantly greater at 3700 m than that at otherelevations.
To study the vasodilation effect of the procyanidin (PC) extracted from grape seeds on rabbit thoracic aortic rings in vitro, decreasing blood pressure in vivo and the possible mechanism.
Rabbits ...aortic rings were isolated and were divided into six groups including removal of endothelium, integrity of endothelium, 1 x 10(-5) mol X L(-1) indomethacin (Indo), 1 x 10(-5) mol x L(-1) propranolol (Prop), 1 x 10(-4) mol x L(-1) N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and 1 x 10(-5) mol x L(-1) methylene blue (MB). Then the thoracic aortic rings were treated with PC with cumulative concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 mg x L(-1) respectively and the changes of tension were recorded, and investigate the effect of 40 mg x L(-1) PC on the contraction of aortic smooth muscles, thoracic aortic rings were pre-treated with NA (1 x 10(-8) to approximately 1 x 10(-5) mol x L(-1)), KCl (6.3 to approximately 100 mmol x L(-1)) and CaCl2 (1 x 10(-5) to approximately 1 x 10(-5) mol x L(-1)) followed by treatment with PC. Then, rabbits comm
Coat color is a key economic trait in sheep. Some candidate genes associated with animal＇s coat color were found. Partic- ularly, v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog （KIT） ...and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor （MITF） play a key role in the modulation of hair pigmentation in mammals. This study investigated those two candidate genes＇ mutations and expressions associated with wool color in Tibetan sheep. First, the gene polymorphisms of those two genes were analyzed, and then, relative mRNA expression levels of those two genes in skin tissue with different coat colors were compared. Thirdly, KIT and MITF protein expression levels were detected through Western blot and immune- histochemical. Allele C was predominant allele in the white coat color Tibetan sheep population of the MITF coding region g. 1548 C/T loci. The relative MITF mRNA expression in black coat skin tissue was significantly higher than white （P〈0.01）. However, no significant differences were detected in the KIT gene＇s mRNA expression of these two different coat color skin tissues （P〉0.05）, while the level of KIT protein expression in skin tissues of white and black coats was also roughly equivalent. Our study observed that, the level of MITF protein expression in black coat skin tissue was significantly higher than that in white coat skin tissue, and positive staining for MITF protein expression was detected mainly in the epidermis and the dermal papilla, bulb, and outer root sheath of hair follicles. We conclude that the black coat of Tibetan sheep is related to high MITF expression in the hair follicles, and MITF may be important for coat color formation of Tibetan sheep.
Coat color is a key economic trait in sheep. Some candidate genes associated with animal’s coat color were found. Particularly, v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT) and ...microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) play a key role in the modulation of hair pigmentation in mammals. This study investigated those two candidate genes’ mutations and expressions associated with wool color in Tibetan sheep. First, the gene polymorphisms of those two genes were analyzed, and then, relative mRNA expression levels of those two genes in skin tissue with different coat colors were compared. Thirdly, KIT and MITF protein expression levels were detected through Western blot and immunehistochemical. Allele C was predominant allele in the white coat color Tibetan sheep population of the MITF coding region g. 1548 C/T loci. The relative MITF mRNA expression in black coat skin tissue was significantly higher than white (P<0.01). However, no significant differences were detected in the KIT gene’s mRNA expression of these two different coat color skin tissues (P>0.05), while the level of KIT protein expression in skin tissues of white and black coats was also roughly equivalent. Our study observed that, the level of MITF protein expression in black coat skin tissue was significantly higher than that in white coat skin tissue, and positive staining for MITF protein expression was detected mainly in the epidermis and the dermal papilla, bulb, and outer root sheath of hair follicles. We conclude that the black coat of Tibetan sheep is related to high MITF expression in the hair follicles, and MITF may be important for coat color formation of Tibetan sheep.
The aim of our present study was to construct genetic structure and relationships among Chinese fine-wool sheep breeds. 46 individuals from 25 breeds or strains were genotyped based on the Illumina ...Ovine 50K SNP array. Meanwhile, genetic variations among 482 individuals from 9 populations were genotyped with 10 microsatellites. In this study, we found high genetic polymorphisms for the microsatellites, while 7 loci in the Chinese superfine Merino strain （Xinjiang types） （CMS） and 5 loci in Gansu alpine superfine-wool sheep strain （GSS） groups were found deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium （HWE）. Genetic drift FsT=0.019 （P〈0.001） and high gene flows were detected in all the 7 fine-wool sheep populations. Phylogenetic analysis showed fine-wool sheep populations were clustered in a group independent from the Chinese indigenous breeds such that the 7 fine-wool sheep clustered distinct from Liangshan semifine-wool sheep （LS） and Hu sheep （HY） reflected by different population differentiation analyses. Overall, our findings suggested that all fine-wool sheep populations have close genetic relationship, which is consistent with their breeding progress. These populations, therefore, can be regarded as open-breeding populations with high levels of gene flows. Furthermore, the two superfine-wool strains, viz., CMS and GSS, might be formed by strong artificial selection and with frequent introduction of Australian Merino. Our results can assist in breeding of superfine-wool sheep and provide guidance for the cultivation of new fine-wool sheep breeds with different breeding objectives.
Monthly discharge of four rivers with various permafrost coverage and little anthropogenic influence was used to identify ef- fects of permafrost degradation during the last 50 years, which has ...occurred because of significant increases in air temperature in the river regions. The basins of the Shule, Heihe, Shiyang and upper Yellow Rivers in northwestern China have 73%, 58%, 33% and 43% permafrost coverage, respectively. There is snow cover in the basins and no rain to supply rivers during winter. The monthly recession coefficient （RC） in winter reflects groundwater conditions. The RC has increased obviously for the Shule and Heihe rivers with 73% and 58% permafrost coverage, respectively, but did not increase for the Shiyang River, and decreased insignificantly for the upper Yellow River, which had less permafrost coverage. There is a distinct positive relationship between RC and annual negative degree-day temperature （NDDT） at the meteorological stations in the basins with high permafrost coverage. These results imply that permafrost degradation due to climate warming affects hydrological processes in winter. The effect is obvious in the basins with high permafrost coverage but negligible in those with low permafrost coverage. Permafrost degradation increases infiltration, enlarges the groundwater reservoir, and leads to slow discharge recession. The result means that hydrological processes are affected strongly by permafrost degradation in river basins with high permafrost coverage, but less in river basins with less permafrost coverage.
The aim of our present study was to construct genetic structure and relationships among Chinese fine-wool sheep breeds. 46 individuals from 25 breeds or strains were genotyped based on the Illumina ...Ovine 50K SNP array. Meanwhile, genetic variations among 482 individuals from 9 populations were genotyped with 10 microsatellites. In this study, we found high genetic polymorphisms for the microsatellites, while 7 loci in the Chinese superfine Merino strain (Xinjiang types) (CMS) and 5 loci in Gansu alpine superfine-wool sheep strain (GSS) groups were found deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Genetic drift FST=0.019 (P<0.001) and high gene flows were detected in all the 7 fine-wool sheep populations. Phylogenetic analysis showed fine-wool sheep populations were clustered in a group independent from the Chinese indigenous breeds such that the 7 fine-wool sheep clustered distinct from Liangshan semifine-wool sheep (LS) and Hu sheep (HY) reflected by different population differentiation analyses. Overall, our findings suggested that all fine-wool sheep populations have close genetic relationship, which is consistent with their breeding progress. These populations, therefore, can be regarded as open-breeding populations with high levels of gene flows. Furthermore, the two superfine-wool strains, viz., CMS and GSS, might be formed by strong artificial selection and with frequent introduction of Australian Merino. Our results can assist in breeding of superfine-wool sheep and provide guidance for the cultivation of new fine-wool sheep breeds with different breeding objectives.
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