It has become well-established that strong outer radiation belt enhancements are due to wave-driven electron energization by whistler-mode chorus waves. However, in this study, we examine strong MeV ...electron injections on 10 July 2019 and find substantial evidence that such injections may be a crucial contributor to outer radiation belt enhancement events. For such an examination, it is essential to precisely separate temporal flux changes from spatial variations observed as Van Allen Probes move along their orbits. Employing a new “hourly snapshot” analysis approach, we discover unprecedented details of electron flux evolutions that suggest that for this event, the outer belt enhancement was not continuous but instead intermittent, mostly composed of 4 large discrete injection-driven flux increases. The injections appear as sharp flux increases when observed near apogee. Otherwise, by comparing hourly snapshots for different times, we infer injections and infer temporally stable fluxes between injections, despite strong and continuous chorus emission. The fast and intermittent electron flux growth successively extending earthwards implies cumulative outer belt enhancement
via
a series of repetitive inward transport associated with injection-induced electric fields.
Objective Metaplastic breast carcinomas (MBC) are a rare type of breast cancer and are generally characterized by hormone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negativity. ...There is a paucity of information on prognosis according to hormone receptor and HER2 expression for these rare tumors. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical features and prognosis between triple-negative metaplastic carcinoma (TNMC) and non-triple-negative metaplastic carcinoma (NTNMC). Methods We retrospectively analyzed MBC patients treated at Seoul National University Hospital between 1996 and 2006. The medical records were reviewed. Results Fifty-one patients were identified. At a median follow-up of 40.8 months, the 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 75.5% and 86.3%, respectively. Non-triple negativity (P = 0.012) correlated significantly with OS in multivariate analysis. Of the 51 patients, 41 (80.4%) had TNMC and 10 (19.6%) had NTNMC. The two groups did not differ significantly by age, tumor size or nodal status. In patients with NTNMC, the positivity rates for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 were 20.0%, 30.0% and 80.0% in NTNMC. The 3-year OS rates in patients with TNMC and NTNMC were 93.4% and 58.2%, respectively (P = 0.007). With respect to DFS, there was no statistically significant difference between patients with TNMC and those with NTNMC (P = 0.149). Conclusions In MBC, the non-triple-negative group had a poor prognosis compared with the triple-negative group, which is contrary to what has been reported in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of breast. Further research exploring the mechanism underlying this result is needed.
Vertically oriented multilayers composed of two saturated phospholipids, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine (DPPS), were deposited on ...silicon. X-ray reflectivity was used to investigate the structures of the variously mixed phospholipid multilayers as a function of composition. Then, the phase stability was investigated at various annealing temperatures under humid conditions. The results indicated that the lipid spacing of the mixed phospholipid multilayers varied systematically as a function of the DPPC/DPPS ratio and that no macroscopic phase separation occurred during the annealing process under both dry and humid conditions.
The risk of locoregional recurrence in resected gastric adenocarcinoma is high, but the benefit of adjuvant treatment remains controversial. In particular, after extended lymph node dissection, the ...role of radiotherapy is questionable. Since 1995, we started a clinical protocol of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy after D2 gastrectomy and analysed the patterns of failure for 291 patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of five cycles of fluorouracil and leucovorin, and concurrent radiotherapy was given with 4500 cGy from the second cycle of chemotherapy. With a median follow-up of 48 months, 114 patients (39%) showed any type of failure, and the local and regional failures were seen in 7% (20 out of 291) and 12% (35 out of 291), respectively. When the recurrent site was analysed with respect to the radiation field, in-field recurrence was 16% and represented 35% of all recurrences. Our results suggest that adjuvant chemoradiotherapy has a potential effect on reducing locoregional recurrence. Moreover, low locoregional recurrence rates could give a clue as to which subset of patients could be helped by radiotherapy after D2 gastrectomy. However, in order to draw a conclusion on the role of adjuvant radiotherapy, a randomised study is needed.
Genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair genes seem to determine the DNA repair capacity, which in turn may affect the risk of breast cancer. To evaluate the role of genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair ...genes in breast cancer, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study of Korean women.
We included 872 incident breast cancer cases and 671 controls recruited from several teaching hospitals in Seoul from 1995 to 2002. Twelve loci of selected DNA repair genes were genotyped by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (XRCC2 Arg188His, XRCC4 921G > T, XRCC6 1796G > T, LIG4 1977T/C, RAD51 135G > C, 172G > T, RAD52 2259C > T, LIG1 551A > C, ERCC1 8092A > C, 354C > T, hMLH1 -93G > A, and Ile219Val).
We found that the RAD52 2259 CT or TT, hMLH1 -93 GG, and ERCC1 8092 AA genotypes were associated with breast cancer risk after adjustment for known risk factors odds ratio (OR), 1.33; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.02-1.75; OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.99-1.74; and OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.38-0.89, respectively. When Bonferroni's method was used to correct for multiple comparisons for nine polymorphisms with P = 0.005, all of these associations were not significant. However, the effects of RAD52 2259 CT or TT and ERCC1 354 CT or TT genotypes were more evident for the estrogen/progesterone receptor-negative cases (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.24-3.34 and OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.35-2.94, respectively).
Our findings suggest that genetic polymorphisms of RAD52, ERCC1, and hMLH1 may be associated with breast cancer risk in Korean women.
We examined the structural properties and the electronic and magnetic structures of an Fe3O4 ultrathin film prepared by oxidizing a low-temperature-grown (T=95K) Fe film on GaAs(100), using the X-ray ...diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements. They show no clear contrast to those of an Fe3O4 film that was prepared by oxidizing room-temperature-grown Fe film. The interdiffusions of Ga and As atoms in the Fe3O4 films were further investigated using the resonant Fe3O4(400) diffractions at the Ga K- and As K-edge energies. It is shown that the Fe3O4 film that originated from the room-temperature-grown Fe film contains both Ga and As atoms, while the film that originated from the kinetically-stabilized Fe film contains only Ga atoms. This suggests that the kinetic stabilization in pristine Fe layers can block As interdiffusion effectively even after oxidization.
► Characterization of half-metallic Fe3O4 thin films on GaAs(100) ► Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and X-ray spectroscopy for Fe3O4 films on GaAs(100) ► Improvement of film quality by adopting a low temperature process in Fe3O4 growth
Cytokeratin19 (KRT19) is widely used as a biomarker for the detection of disseminated tumors. Using an LC-MS/MS proteomics approach, we found that KRT19 was upregulated in HER2-overexpressing cells ...and tissues. KRT19 expression was induced by HER2-downstream ERK at the transcriptional level. Another HER2-downstream kinase, Akt, was found to phosphorylate KRT19 on Ser35 and induce membrane translocation of KRT19 and remodeling of KRT19 from filamentous to granulous form. KRT19 phosphorylated by Akt could bind HER2 on the plasma membrane and stabilized HER2 via inhibition of proteasome-mediated degradation of HER2. Silencing of KRT19 by shRNA resulted in increased ubiquitination and destabilization of HER2. Moreover, treatment of KRT19 antibody resulted in downregulation of HER2 and reduced cell viability. These data provide a new rationale for targeting HER2-positive breast cancers.
A seawater distiller utilizing the thermal energy of solar radiation and waste gas from a small electric generator was designed and constructed with a number of configurations to improve its ...performance. The distiller constructed is a combined model of a basin-type solar still and a vertical multiple-effect diffusion still, consisting of a series of closely spaced parallel plates in contact with saline-soaked wicks. Evaporation and condensation processes were repeated on all the plates by recycling thermal energy to increase distillate productivity in the still. Tests were performed with waste heat of actual exhaust gas from a portable electric generator, changing various experimental conditions such as feeding flow rate of seawater to the wicks, seawater level of the basin, and use of reflecting plate fins. Experimental results show that our two-effect distiller produces 17.1–19.6 kg/(m2 d) at 3,000 kJ/h and has a Performance Ratio of 14.8–16.9.
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