The present study evaluated the effect of different probiotics on the performance of broiler chickens. A thousand and fifty one-day-old male Cobb chicks were distributed in a completely randomized ...design in a 3 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement (3 probiotics sources in the diet, 2 probiotics concentrations in drinking water and 1 control group), with 5 repetitions of 30 birds per parcel. The results showed better feed conversion (p<0.01) (1-21, 22-35 and 1-45 days) and weight gain (p<0.05) (22-35 and 1-45 days) in the control group in relation to the groups receiving probiotics. The use of Bacillus subtilis in the diet improved (p<0.05) feed conversion during the growing phase, but this was not seen in the following period. Thus, it was concluded that probiotics supplementation had no beneficial effects on the performance.
The present study evaluated the effect of different deboning times on the quality of broiler breast meat. Seventy-two broiler breasts were evaluated. They were distributed in a completely randomized ...experimental design, with six treatments, six repetitions and two birds per parcel. The treatments were denominated as follows: A - deboning immediately after chilling, B - deboning 1 h after chilling, C - deboning 2 h after chilling, D - deboning 3 h after chilling, E - deboning 4 h after chilling, and F - deboning 24 hours after chilling. Lowest pH values (p<0.05) were seen when deboning was performed 24 h after carcass chilling (pH=6.00) in comparison to deboning at 0 h (6.69) and 1 h (6.42) after chilling. R values were inversely proportional to pH values, i.e., R values were lower (p<0.05) in treatments A (1.05) and B (1.07) when compared to treatment F (1.44). No differences were seen in cooking loss during thermal treatment (broiling) of the muscle P. major. Higher shear forces (p<0.05) were seen in broiled muscles from carcasses with shorter storage times (A - 11.78 kgf and B - 10.75 kgf) before deboning, when compared to treatments E (6.11 kgf) and F (5.64 kgf). Higher L* values were observed in the treatment in which carcass deboning was performed 24 hours after chilling (49.26) in comparison to deboning immediately after chilling (44.68). Therefore, it was concluded that an interval of at least 4 hours is needed between chilling and deboning to obtain broiled breast fillets with tender texture. Furthermore, paler meat color (L* value) was produced with longer carcass storage before deboning.
The present work evaluated the effect of different probiotics on carcass and meat quality of broilers. One thousand and fifty male Cobb chicks were distributed at one day of age in a randomized ...design with 3 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement (3 probiotics, 2 levels of probiotics in drinking water and 1 negative control group), using 5 replications with 30 birds. Carcass yield was higher (p<0.05) in control birds. Nevertheless, the groups fed with probiotics showed higher (p<0.01) leg yield at 45 days of age. There was a significant decrease in color (lightness) and increase in pH of breast muscle 5 hours after slaughter in the probiotics treated birds. In the sensory analysis, meat flavor and general aspect 72 hours after slaughter were better when probiotics were added in both water and diet. There were no differences in water holding capacity, cooking loss and shearing force among different probiotics or between them and the control. Thus, meat quality was better when probiotics were fed in the water and diet instead of only in the diet. Nevertheless, carcass and meat quality showed no alteration when the control group was compared to birds fed with probiotics, except for leg yield improvement in the latter.
Overhead throwing activities such as those involved in baseball require multiple repetitions of the same movement pattern. The displacements, velocities, and associated forces involved in each phase ...of throwing may lead to injuries specific to that phase, and can affect any of the involved anatomical structures. When injury occurs, in order for the athlete to safely return to competition a comprehensive functional rehabilitation program is essential. Previous throwing research has focused primarily on baseball pitching. However, research evaluating the biomechanics of the type of throwing used in a rehabilitation program is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the kinematics of a full effort overhand throw with the throwing motions involved in a rehabilitative throwing program. High speed three-dimensional video analysis was used to evaluate throwing in nine NCAA collegiate baseball players. Multiple trials were completed by each subject at four conditions: submaximal throwing at 60 feet, 90 feet, and 120 feet (120P), and maximal throwing at 120 feet. Joint motion patterns, velocities, accelerations, and temporal/distance measures were analyzed. Overall, the kinematic parameters assessed for the submaximal throws of the throwing program were different from the maximal throw. The throws used for rehabilitation were found to have a decreased stride, decreased elbow angle at front foot contact, increased external rotation, increased abduction angle during acceleration, decreased elbow extension velocity, increased elbow angle at release, increased knee flexion at release, increased deceleration internal rotation velocity, and overall took longer to complete (i.e., increased time). The only kinematic parameter to have no significant differences between submaximal and maximal throws was maximum elbow angle during the arm cocking phase. Understanding the relationship between the last stages of rehabilitation and return to play is vital for both the clinician and athlete. Athletes should participate in more functional and sport/position specific throws prior to returning to their position on the baseball field. The performance of throws of progressively greater effort, not just greater distance, may more closely replicate what the athlete will have to perform once cleared for participation.
In throwing activities, the displacements, velocities, and forces have often been linked to injury. When such injuries occur, a rehabilitation program involving functional interval throwing ...progressions (ITP) is often performed. An ITP is a type of functional progression used to assist the athlete's gradual return to unrestricted activity. Much of the previous research on throwing has focused specifically on the kinematics of the baseball pitch. However there is no data to indicate the degree to which the throwing kinematics employed in an ITP replicate a functional full effort throwing motion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the kinematics of a full effort overhand throw with the motions involved in an ITP. Nine NCAA collegiate baseball players (mean plus or minus S.D., height=183.59 plus or minus 8.48 cm, weight=79.99 plus or minus 4.99 kgs) were filmed by 6 synchronized high-speed video cameras at 180 Hz. Four throwing conditions were evaluated: submaximal throwing at 60, 90, and 120 feet, and maximal throwing at 120 feet. The dependent variables of abduction at front foot contact (FFC), elbow angle at FFC, stride length, maximal elbow flexion during arm cocking, maximal external rotation (MER) during arm cocking, average abduction during acceleration, maximal elbow extension velocity during acceleration, internal rotation (IR) velocity (acceleration), glenohumeral acceleration, trunk tilt, knee angle, IR velocity (deceleration), total time, acceleration time, and deceleration time were assessed. These variables for three trials for each subject/condition were averaged and entered into a one-way repeated MANOVA to determine if differences existed across the four conditions. Overall, the kinematic parameters assessed for the submaximal throws of the ITP were different from the maximal throw. The angular displacements (abduction angle at FFC, MER, average abduction during acceleration, elbow angle at FFC, stride length, and knee flexion), angular velocities and accelerations (maximum elbow extension velocity, IR velocity (acceleration), glenohumeral acceleration, and maximum IR velocity (deceleration)), and all temporal parameters, were found to be significantly different between the conditions. The only kinematic parameter to have no significant difference between submaximal and maximal throws was maximum elbow angle during the arm-cocking phase. Collectively, these data suggest that the kinematics of the partial effort throws involved in an ITP may differ from those of the type of full effort throws involved in actual competition. This suggests that, in the absence of significant full effort throwing, athletes rehabilitated through an ITP may be inadequately prepared to return to competition.
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