We assessed HIV drug resistance (DR) in individuals failing ART (acquired DR, ADR) and in ART-naïve individuals (pre-ART DR, PDR) in Honduras, after 10 years of widespread availability of ART.
365 ...HIV-infected, ART-naïve, and 381 ART-experienced Honduran individuals were enrolled in 5 reference centres in Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, La Ceiba, and Choluteca between April 2013 and April 2015. Plasma HIV protease-RT sequences were obtained. HIVDR was assessed using the WHO HIVDR mutation list and the Stanford algorithm. Recently infected (RI) individuals were identified using a multi-assay algorithm.
PDR to any ARV drug was 11.5% (95% CI 8.4-15.2%). NNRTI PDR prevalence (8.2%) was higher than NRTI (2.2%) and PI (1.9%, p<0.0001). No significant trends in time were observed when comparing 2013 and 2014, when using a moving average approach along the study period or when comparing individuals with >500 vs. <350 CD4+ T cells/μL. PDR in recently infected individuals was 13.6%, showing no significant difference with PDR in individuals with longstanding infection (10.7%). The most prevalent PDR mutations were M46IL (1.4%), T215 revertants (0.5%), and K103NS (5.5%). The overall ADR prevalence in individuals with <48 months on ART was 87.8% and for the ≥48 months on ART group 81.3%. ADR to three drug families increased in individuals with longer time on ART (p = 0.0343). M184V and K103N were the most frequent ADR mutations. PDR mutation frequency correlated with ADR mutation frequency for PI and NNRTI (p<0.01), but not for NRTI. Clusters of viruses were observed suggesting transmission of HIVDR both from ART-experienced to ART-naïve individuals and between ART-naïve individuals.
The global PDR prevalence in Honduras remains at the intermediate level, after 10 years of widespread availability of ART. Evidence of ADR influencing the presence of PDR was observed by phylogenetic analyses and ADR/PDR mutation frequency correlations.
The present paper contains an analysis of the special characteristics of livestock systems in Spain, in the context of the domestic and international food relations that prevailed during the ...so‐called Second and Third Food Regimes. Spanish livestock is an interesting case because patterns of meat production and consumption have changed dramatically since the 1960s, as Spain has become one of Europe's major meat producers. There were also successive periods of transformation in Spain throughout the historical periods analysed herein, from an extensive to an intensive industrial model as well as from a domestically focused to an internationally oriented sector. In particular, the international context has been crucial in the development of Spanish livestock because of Spain's dependence on imported livestock feed and the increasing relevance of exports, especially to other European countries following Spain's accession to the European Union in 1986.
Coevolution is a wide theoretical framework that enables the study of socio-ecological transformations in different contexts and, specifically, in agrarian systems. This article analyses ...coevolutionary changes in Spanish livestock over the last 50years, from the so-called “traditional” livestock model, in which ecological, social and economic elements co-evolve in closely interconnected relationships, to the currently dominant industrial livestock model, governed by “ecologies at a distance”. Not only meat consumption grew significantly as a consequence of the change in the prevailing livestock production model, Spain also became one of the most important meat producers in the European Union. Simultaneously, dependence on imported cereals and soya increased dramatically. Nevertheless, in spite of the prevalence of industrial logics, extensive livestock farming, that follows hybrid logics incorporating features from both models, still exists in Spain and, particularly, in Andalusia (Southern Spain). This locally based model is characterised by higher environmental standards, as well as its contribution to the preservation of a singular agro-ecosystem (dehesa). However, its long-term transformation and, therefore, the social construction of more sustainable local livestock systems, must be understood as a co-evolutionary process in which agency and social selection of innovations are essential elements.
•We applied the co-evolution theoretical framework to the analysis of the historical transformations of livestock in Spain.•We applied the evolution theoretical framework to the analysis of the organic livestock in the district of La Janda.•We made a critical review of the academic literature of co-evolution.•We introduced new issues (scales, food regimes) related with co-evolution in agriculture.
The perceptions of tourism stakeholders regarding the effects of tourism development in their communities are essential in ensuring the proper design and implementation of sustainable tourism ...development strategies in an area. We designed a survey to gather data about the attitudes of three stakeholders: tourists, residents, and business owners. The respondents were from the island of Sao Vicente in the African archipelago of Cape Verde, which is currently under expansion. The results showed that the three groups positively view increased tourism development in the area, with virtually no differences found between business owners and the other groups, although tourists had a more favourable opinion than residents. Engaging the three groups is essential for the success of tourism development.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a serious international problem. Stith, S. M., McCollum, E. E., and Rosen, K. H. received funding from the US National Institute of Mental Health to develop and ...test a program for couples experiencing IPV: Domestic Violence Focused Couples Treatment (DVFCT). This article provides an overview of DVFCT, and presents three case studies illustrating how DVFCT has been adapted for use in Colombia, Iran, and Finland. This article emphasizes the need for adapting treatment models to be culturally informed, provides practice‐based evidence for DVFCT as a treatment model, and highlights the importance of careful screening and assessment when working with couples who have experienced violence, no matter the country or location where treatment is being conducted.
It is well understood that agricultural expansion and associated loss of semi-natural habitat in the landscape are major drivers for the marked decline in biodiversity. While conserving remaining ...semi-natural habitat patches is essential to reverse ongoing biodiversity declines, increasing focus has also been put on diversifying cropland itself by increasing landscape crop diversity as a measure of compositional heterogeneity, and reducing field sizes as a measure of configurational heterogeneity. Both these cropland diversification approaches have shown promise to enhance biodiversity in the year of sampling, but it is unknown whether legacies of crop diversity in the landscape promote biodiversity by building up arthropod communities over time. We selected 14 faba bean fields in landscapes dominated by cropland. The fields were chosen along three gradients: landscape crop di-versity of the year of sampling (2017), landscape crop diversity of the previous year (2016) and mean field size in landscapes. Using pitfall traps, we show that the carabid beetle species richness is higher in landscapes with higher crop diversity in the previous year. Especially, granivorous carabid beetles benefitted from legacies of crop diversity. Rove beetles were more abundant and genus rich in landscapes with larger field sizes, while spiders were not responding to any of the landscape variables. A diversity of crops in the landscape and their associated weed communities could provide more diverse food resources and shelter habitats, which build populations of carabid beetle species over time. There is a need to explore the effects of agri-environmental schemes across multiple years to better understand legacy effects, and to structure sustainable agricultural landscapes.
Abstract There is a clear unmet medical need for a vaccine that would prevent infections from Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ). To validate antigens as potential vaccine targets it has to be ...demonstrated that the antigens are expressed in vivo . Using murine bacteremia and wound infection models, we demonstrate that the expression of clumping factor A (ClfA) and capsular polysaccharide antigens are heterogeneous and dependent on the challenge strains examined and the in vivo microenvironment. We also demonstrate opsonophagocitic activity mediated by either antigen is not impeded by the presence of the other antigen. The data presented in this report support a multiantigen approach for the development of a prophylactic S. aureus vaccine to ensure broad coverage against this versatile pathogen.
En este artículo se hace un análisis histórico del funcionamiento de la cadena de valor láctea en Chile entre 1975 y 2005. Para ello se ha utilizado información procedente de distintas fuentes ...estadísticas, así como estudios e informes de la época considerada. El objetivo es demostrar que la generación de un sector competitivo, abierto a la competencia internacional, e incluso exportador, no es el resultado de la actuación de las fuerzas libres del mercado, sino de una política pública aplicada de una forma que a la vez resulta flexible y persistente en el tiempo. La metodología utilizada se basa en un análisis de la transformación de la estructura productiva de la cadena de valor láctea en Chile utilizando las fuentes estadísticas económicas disponibles para el periodo antes mencionado, aplicando las categorías de análisis de la Teoría Agroalimentaria. Los principales resultados de esta investigación ponen de manifiesto que la supervivencia de la producción de leche en Chile se debe a la conjunción de una serie de hechos agronómicos (la dificultad de la reconversión productiva de una parte del sur del país), y a un conjunto de decisiones políticas que transitaron desde unos planteamientos originalmente dogmáticos a otros mucho más pragmáticos y flexibles.
Implementation of measures favouring sustainability is often a low priority in poorly developed countries and regions where resources are more often focused on subsistence. Assessing sustainability ...at a regional scale is vital to evaluating and implementing affordable processes using local data and diagnosis. A comprehensive evaluation of sustainability status was done in three small coastal towns on the south-east coast of the Gulf of Mexico. These towns are transitioning from traditional fishing to tourism as their primary economic activity and are in or near a high-biodiversity natural protected area. Data were collected via questionnaires, field surveys, official data and documentary research. Based on these, nineteen social, economic and environmental indicators were selected based on established United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) guidelines and methodologies. Information on perceptions of tourism was collected from residents and visitors using United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) forms. The results showed that social indicators exhibited relatively positive values, except for income, since half of those sampled lived below the national poverty line. This result consequently affects some other social and economic indicators. The environmental indicators reflected a relatively good condition. Residents perceived that tourism provides more positive than negative outcomes, highlighting the relevance of healthy natural environments. Most visitors perceived tourism activities as a promising option for regional development. The results suggest tourism is a potential principal economic activity for the study region and can take advantage of the core value offered by the natural protected area. Approaches like that used here, which integrate tourism into sustainability assessments and regional planning while prioritising social participation and ecological integrity, hold promise for creating development plans in coastal regions with similar conditions.
•Sustainability analysis for region switching traditional occupations by tourism.•Indicators exposed poor socioeconomic but suitable environmental conditions.•Results showed a potential for tourism in the region.•Overall more positive than negative issues were perceived for tourism development.•Promoting tourism should consider residents' concerns and constant supervision.
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