High-voltage pixel sensors for ATLAS upgrade Perić, I.; Kreidl, C.; Fischer, P. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
11/2014, Letnik:
765
Journal Article
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The high-voltage (HV-) CMOS pixel sensors offer several good properties: a fast charge collection by drift, the possibility to implement relatively complex CMOS in-pixel electronics and the ...compatibility with commercial processes. The sensor element is a deep n-well diode in a p-type substrate. The n-well contains CMOS pixel electronics. The main charge collection mechanism is drift in a shallow, high field region, which leads to a fast charge collection and a high radiation tolerance. We are currently evaluating the use of the high-voltage detectors implemented in 180nm HV-CMOS technology for the high-luminosity ATLAS upgrade. Our approach is replacing the existing pixel and strip sensors with the CMOS sensors while keeping the presently used readout ASICs. By intelligence we mean the ability of the sensor to recognize a particle hit and generate the address information. In this way we could benefit from the advantages of the HV sensor technology such as lower cost, lower mass, lower operating voltage, smaller pitch, smaller clusters at high incidence angles. Additionally we expect to achieve a radiation hardness necessary for ATLAS upgrade. In order to test the concept, we have designed two HV-CMOS prototypes that can be readout in two ways: using pixel and strip readout chips. In the case of the pixel readout, the connection between HV-CMOS sensor and the readout ASIC can be established capacitively.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an important part of the inflammatory response during infection but can also promote DNA damage. Due to the sustained inflammation in severe Covid-19, we ...hypothesized that hospitalized Covid-19 patients would be characterized by increased levels of oxidative DNA damage and dysregulation of the DNA repair machinery.
Levels of the oxidative DNA lesion 8-oxoG and levels of base excision repair (BER) proteins were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients (8-oxoG, n = 22; BER, n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 10) (Cohort 1). Gene expression related to DNA repair was investigated in two independent cohorts of hospitalized Covid-19 patients (Cohort 1; 15 patents and 5 controls, Cohort 2; 15 patients and 6 controls), and by publicly available datasets.
Patients and healthy controls showed comparable amounts of oxidative DNA damage as assessed by 8-oxoG while levels of several BER proteins were increased in Covid-19 patients, indicating enhanced DNA repair in acute Covid-19 disease. Furthermore, gene expression analysis demonstrated regulation of genes involved in BER and double strand break repair (DSBR) in PBMC of Covid-19 patients and expression level of several DSBR genes correlated with the degree of respiratory failure. Finally, by re-analyzing publicly available data, we found that the pathway
was significantly more regulated in circulating immune cells during Covid-19 compared to influenza virus infection, bacterial pneumonia or acute respiratory infection due to seasonal coronavirus.
Although beneficial by protecting against DNA damage, long-term activation of the DNA repair machinery could also contribute to persistent inflammation, potentially through mechanisms such as the induction of cellular senescence. However, further studies that also include measurements of additional markers of DNA damage are required to determine the role and precise molecular mechanisms for DNA repair in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
This paper presents an implementation of deadbeat-direct torque and flux control (DB-DTFC) for AC induction machine drives that demonstrates nearly ideal properties over a wide range of flux and ...torque operating conditions, including deep field weakening. A key attribute of this DB-DTFC is that the control law is the same over the entire operating space, including steady-state and transient operation at the voltage limits. By comparison, field oriented control at the voltage limit is inherently compromised and requires adjustment of the current control laws. Similarly, PI control-based DTFC becomes oscillatory under voltage limit conditions. This DB-DTFC implementation requires no change to the control law under voltage limit conditions. This paper presents an implementation of DB-DTFC and experimentally demonstrates its performance over a full range of operating conditions, including operation at the voltage limit.
This paper presents an implementation of deadbeat-direct torque and flux control (DB-DTFC) for AC induction machine drives that demonstrates nearly ideal properties over a wide range of flux and ...torque operating conditions and its application to motor loss minimization. A key attribute of DB-DTFC is that the control law is the same over the entire operating space, including steady-state and transient operation at the voltage limits. This DB-DTFC implementation allows for an additional degree of freedom to select a broad range of stator flux linkages at light to medium loads. This paper presents an implementation of DB-DTFC and experimentally demonstrates its performance over a full range of operating conditions and its application to minimizing machine losses.
Vestibular migraine (VM) is the most common cause of episodic vertigo in adults as well as in children. The diagnostic criteria of the consensus document of the International Bárány Society for ...Neuro-Otology and the International Headache Society (2012) combine the typical signs and symptoms of migraine with the vestibular symptoms lasting 5 min to 72 h and exclusion criteria. Although VM accounts for 7 % of patients seen in dizziness clinics and 9 % of patients seen in headache clinics it is still underdiagnosed. This review provides an actual overview on the pathophysiology, the clinical characteristics to establish the diagnosis, the differential diagnosis, and the treatment of VM.
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is a co-inhibitory receptor in the CD28/CTL-4 family, and functions as a negative regulator of the immune system. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in many epithelial ...cancers express PD-1, suggesting that antitumor immunity may be modulated by the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, and promising results from two recent clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 confirm the clinical relevance of this pathway in human cancer. To explore the role of PD-1
+
TIL in human breast cancer, we performed immunohistochemistry studies on a tissue microarray encompassing 660 breast cancer cases with detailed clinical annotation and outcomes data. PD-1
+
TIL were present in 104 (15.8 %) of the 660 breast cancer cases. Their presence was associated with tumor size, grade, and lymph node status, and was differentially associated with the intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer. In univariate survival analyses, the presence of PD-1
+
TIL was associated with a significantly worse overall survival (HR = 2.736,
p
< 0.001). In subset analyses, the presence of PD-1
+
TIL was associated with significantly worse overall survival in the luminal B HER2
−
subtype (HR = 2.678,
p
< 0.001), the luminal B HER2
+
subtype (HR = 3.689,
p
< 0.001), and the basal-like subtype (HR = 3.140,
p
< 0.001). This is the first study to demonstrate that the presence of PD-1
+
TIL is associated with poor prognosis in human breast cancer, with important implications for the potential application of antibody therapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway in this disease.
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