Hierarchical progressive surveys Fernique, P; Allen, M G; Boch, T ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
6/2015, Letnik:
578
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Context. Scientific exploitation of the ever increasing volumes of astronomical data requires efficient and practical methods for data access, visualisation, and analysis. Hierarchical sky ...tessellation techniques enable a multi-resolution approach to organising data on angular scales from the full sky down to the individual image pixels. Aims. We aim to show that the hierarchical progressive survey (HiPS) scheme for describing astronomical images, source catalogues, and three-dimensional data cubes is a practical solution to managing large volumes of heterogeneous data and that it enables a new level of scientific interoperability across large collections of data of these different data types. Methods. HiPS uses the HEALPix tessellation of the sphere to define a hierarchical tile and pixel structure to describe and organise astronomical data. HiPS is designed to conserve the scientific properties of the data alongside both visualisation considerations and emphasis on the ease of implementation. We describe the development of HiPS to manage a large number of diverse image surveys, as well as the extension of hierarchical image systems to cube and catalogue data. We demonstrate the interoperability of HiPS and multi-order coverage (MOC) maps and highlight the HiPS mechanism to provide links to the original data. Results. Hierarchical progressive surveys have been generated by various data centres and groups for ~200 data collections including many wide area sky surveys, and archives of pointed observations. These can be accessed and visualised in Aladin, Aladin Lite, and other applications. HiPS provides a basis for further innovations in the use of hierarchical data structures to facilitate the description and statistical analysis of large astronomical data sets.
Objective
To describe obstetrical providers’ delivery preferences and attitudes towards caesarean section without medical indication, including on maternal request, and to examine the association ...between provider characteristics and preferences/attitudes.
Design
Cross‐sectional study.
Setting
Two public and two private hospitals in Argentina.
Population
Obstetrician‐gynaecologists and midwives who provide prenatal care and/or labour/delivery services.
Methods
Providers in hospitals with at least 1000 births per year completed a self‐administered, anonymous survey.
Main outcome measures
Provider delivery preference for low‐risk women, perception of women's preferred delivery method, support for a woman's right to choose her delivery method and willingness to perform caesarean section on maternal request.
Results
168 providers participated (89.8% coverage rate). Providers (93.2%) preferred a vaginal delivery for their patients in the absence of a medical indication for caesarean section. Whereas 74.4% of providers supported their patient's right to choose a delivery method in the absence of a medical indication for caesarean section and 66.7% would perform a caesarean section upon maternal request, only 30.4% would consider a non‐medically indicated caesarean section for their own personal delivery or that of their partner. In multivariate adjusted analysis, providers in the private sector odds ratio (OR) 4.70, 95% CI 1.19–18.62 and obstetrician‐gynaecologists (OR 4.37, 95% CI 1.58–12.09) were more willing than either providers working in the public/both settings or midwives to perform a caesarean section on maternal request.
Conclusions
Despite the ethical debate surrounding non‐medically indicated caesarean sections, we observe very high levels of support, especially by providers in the private sector and obstetrician‐gynaecologists, as aligned with the high caesarean section rates in Argentina.
Tweetable
Non‐medically indicated c‐section? 74% of sampled Argentine OB providers support women's right to choose
Tweetable
Non‐medically indicated c‐section? 74% of sampled Argentine OB providers support women's right to choose
The Y1 and Y5 receptors for neuropeptide Y have overlapping functions in regulating anxiety. We previously demonstrated that conditional removal of the Y1 receptor in the Y5 receptor expressing ...neurons in juvenile Npy1rY5R−/− mice leads to higher anxiety but no changes in hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis activity, under basal conditions or after acute restraint stress. In the present study, we used the same conditional system to analyze the specific contribution of limbic neurons coexpressing Y1 and Y5 receptors on the emotional and neuroendocrine responses to social chronic stress, using different housing conditions (isolation vs. group‐housing) as a model. We demonstrated that control Npy1r2lox male mice housed in groups show increased anxiety and hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis activity compared with Npy1r2lox mice isolated for six weeks immediately after weaning. Conversely, Npy1rY5R−/− conditional mutants display an anxious‐like behavior but no changes in hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis activity as compared with their control littermates, independently of housing conditions. These results suggest that group housing constitutes a mild social stress for our B6129S mouse strain and they confirm that the conditional inactivation of Y1 receptors specifically in Y5 receptor containing neurons increases stress‐related anxiety without affecting endocrine stress responses.
Conditional inactivation of Y1 receptors in Y5 receptor containing neurons increases anxiety without affecting endocrine stress responses.
Despite mandated reduction in environmental lead (Pb++), such exposure still poses a public health hazard for children, with devastating effects on CNS development. To replicate aspects of this ...neurotoxicity, we used cultured granule cells from newborn rat cerebella to study whether apoptotic or necrotic death is the major consequence of exposure to low micromolar concentrations of Pb++. At a low dose, 1 microM (EC50 approximately equal to 10 microM), Pb++ does not affect glutamate-induced neuronal necrosis but promotes neuronal apoptosis, as characterized morphologically by cell shrinkage and chromatin condensation, biochemically by the typical internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and functionally by dependence on new synthesis of macromolecules (cycloheximide- and actinomycin D-sensitive). The low micromolar doses of Pb++ that promote apoptosis are well within the blood level range reported to impair CNS function in children and to alter synaptogenesis in the neonatal rat brain. Thus these in-vitro results suggest that the highly neurotoxic action of Pb++ in the developing CNS of children might depend on a facilitation of apoptosis. The Pb+2-elicited potentiation of neuronal apoptosis is attenuated by treatment with the voltage-sensitive Ca+2 channel agonist Bay K8644, which suggests the possible use of this agonist for treatment of the neurotoxic effects of Pb++.
We used
Y
1R/LacZ
transgenic mice to investigate the interaction between NPY, GABA and Y
1 receptors in the amygdala. Immunolabeling of GABA and NPY positive neurons and histochemical staining of ...β-galactosidase revealed NPY and GABA colocalization and close contacts of NPY-positive fibers with GABAergic neurons also expressing the
Y
1R/LacZ
transgene.
In cerebellar granule neurons of neonatal rats micromolar concentrations of 7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2 H -1,2,4-benzothiadiazine S , S -dioxide (IDRA-21) and cyclothiazide, two negative ...modulators of the spontaneous agonist-dependent rapid desensitization of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-gated ion channels, facilitate AMPA receptor function by increasing the content of free cytosolic Ca 2+ as measured by single-cell fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2) Ca 2+ -dependent fluorescence and intracellular Na + measured with the sodium-binding bezofuran isophthalate acetoxymethyl ester fluorescence indicator. IDRA-21 increases intracellular Na + transient with a threshold (5 μM) that is ≈10 times higher and has an intrinsic activity significantly lower than that of cyclothiazide. By virtue of its low intrinsic activity, IDRA-21 elicits a free cytosolic Ca 2+ transient increase that is shorter lasting than that elicited by cyclothiazide even when the drug is left in contact with cultured granule cells for several minutes. Additionally, while dose dependently, 5–25 μM cyclothiazide in the presence of AMPA is highly neurotoxic, IDRA-21 (up to 100 μM) is devoid of neurotoxicity. The neurotoxicity elicited by cyclothiazide persists in the presence of dizocilpine (an antagonist of N -methyl- d -aspartate-selective glutamate receptors) but is blocked by 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitrosulfamoylbenzo f quinoxaline (a competitive AMPA receptor antagonist) and the 1-(aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylendioxy-5 H -2,3-benzodiazepine (GYKI 52466; a noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist). Since the doses of IDRA-21 that enhance cognitive processes in rats and monkeys are several orders of magnitude lower than those required to elicit marginal neurotoxicity in cultured neurons, it can be surmised that IDRA-21 is a potent cognition-enhancing drug virtually devoid of neurotoxic liability because it acts as a partial negative allosteric modulator of AMPA receptor desensitization.
Factors affecting UV radiation at the earth’s surface include the solar zenith angle, earth–sun distance, clouds, aerosols, altitude, ozone and the ground’s albedo. The variation of some factors, ...such as solar zenith angle and earth–sun distance, is well established. Total column ozone and UV radiation are inversely related, but the presence of clouds may affect the resulting UV in such a way that a depletion in the total column ozone may not always lead to an increase in the radiation at the earth’s surface. The aim of this paper is to determine the contribution to the variation of the biologically effective irradiance by geometric factors, clouds and ozone, jointly and separately, in Ushuaia (54°49′S, 68°19′W, sea level), and the seasonal variation of this relationship, given the magnitude and seasonal distribution of the ozone depletion and the frequent presence of high cloud cover in this site. For this purpose, multivariate and simple regression analyses of daily and monthly integrated irradiances weighted by the DNA damage action spectrum as a function of total column ozone and the integrated irradiances in the band 337–342 nm (as a proxy for cloud cover and geometric factors) have been performed. For the analysed period (September 1989–December 1996) more than 97% of the variation of the DNA damage weighted daily integrated irradiances is described by changes in ozone, clouds and geometric factors. Simple regression analysis for daily integrated irradiances, grouped by month, shows that most of this variation is explained by clouds and geometric factors, except in spring, when strong ozone depletion occurs intermittently over this area. When monthly trends are removed, similar results are observed, except for late winter.
1. Physiological and molecular evidence for the presence and functional role of M1 muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs)
in adult guinea-pig ventricular cells is presented. 2. Whole-cell clamp ...measurements of the L-type calcium current (ICa) in
isolated myocytes were performed. Caesium was used to suppress potassium currents. ICa was increased by the muscarinic agonist
carbachol in cells pretreated with pertussis toxin which blocked the M2 mAChR-triggered cascade of intracellular signalling,
while it was not changed in untreated cells. 3. If the M2-mediated regulation of ICa was blocked by directly saturating the
cell with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) through the patch pipette, application of carbachol induced a further small
increase of the current above the level reached after cAMP perfusion. This increase was more pronounced in cells pretreated
with pertussis toxin. 4. The carbachol-induced increase of ICa was blocked by the selective M1 mAChR antagonist pirenzepine.
5. The application of high concentrations of carbachol increased the accumulation of 3Hinositol monophosphate up to 240%
above control levels. This increase was reduced by application of pirenzepine. 6. The expression of M1 receptor mRNA in ventricular
cardiocytes was shown by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. 7. These results suggest that M1 mAChR regulation
of ICa can be a component of the paradoxical positive inotropism induced by high concentrations of muscarinic agonists.
Hierarchical progressive surveys Fernique, P.; Allen, M. G.; Boch, T. ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
06/2015, Letnik:
578
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Context. Scientific exploitation of the ever increasing volumes of astronomical data requires efficient and practical methods for data access, visualisation, and analysis. Hierarchical sky ...tessellation techniques enable a multi-resolution approach to organising data on angular scales from the full sky down to the individual image pixels. Aims. We aim to show that the hierarchical progressive survey (HiPS) scheme for describing astronomical images, source catalogues, and three-dimensional data cubes is a practical solution to managing large volumes of heterogeneous data and that it enables a new level of scientific interoperability across large collections of data of these different data types. Methods. HiPS uses the HEALPix tessellation of the sphere to define a hierarchical tile and pixel structure to describe and organise astronomical data. HiPS is designed to conserve the scientific properties of the data alongside both visualisation considerations and emphasis on the ease of implementation. We describe the development of HiPS to manage a large number of diverse image surveys, as well as the extension of hierarchical image systems to cube and catalogue data. We demonstrate the interoperability of HiPS and multi-order coverage (MOC) maps and highlight the HiPS mechanism to provide links to the original data. Results. Hierarchical progressive surveys have been generated by various data centres and groups for ∼200 data collections including many wide area sky surveys, and archives of pointed observations. These can be accessed and visualised in Aladin, Aladin Lite, and other applications. HiPS provides a basis for further innovations in the use of hierarchical data structures to facilitate the description and statistical analysis of large astronomical data sets.
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