Summary
Background Chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight induces wrinkle formation. Retinoic acid (RA) can markedly improve wrinkles, although RA does have some side‐effects, such as skin ...irritation. As the efficacy and cytotoxicity of RA has been traced to its free carboxylic acid, we synthesized a new molecule, N‐retinoyl‐D‐glucosamine (GRA), in which a glucosamine has been attached to the polar end group of all‐trans retinoic acid.
Objectives To analyse the effect of topical GRA in wrinkle repair and anti‐irritation in photoaged mice compared with topical RA, as well as to determine retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) transactivation activity in vitro.
Methods Hairless mice were irradiated with 60 mJ cm−2 of UVB for 10 weeks, and then topically treated with 0·05% GRA or 0·05% RA for 8 weeks. An in vitro transcriptional assay was performed and the activity of GRA in 293 cells transfected with RAR‐α or RXR‐α expression plasmid and luciferase reporter plasmid then determined.
Results Topical GRA and RA brought about almost complete disappearance of the wrinkles caused by UVB irradiation. The two ligands promoted both a wide repair zone histologically, and the expression of type 1 collagen in the skin. In contrast, topical GRA treatment did not produce irritation such as erythema or roughness, or alteration of transepidermal water loss values, compared with RA. In the in vitro luciferase assay, GRA resulted in significant dose‐dependent RAR transactivation activity in a 100 times higher concentration range than RA. GRA did not mediate RXR transactivation activity at all.
Conclusions Topical GRA appears to be able to repair photoaged skin damage without any of the irritation caused by topical RA, probably via RAR transactivation activity.
Deep-submicrometer large-angle-tilt implanted drain (LATID) technology is described. It is found by Monte Carlo process simulation and SIMS measurements that a sufficiently long n/sup -/ region can ...be formed under the gate by taking advantage of large-angle-tilt implant and successfully without ion channeling by taking care of the implant direction. A design that offsets the n/sup +/ implant by sidewall spacers to suppress the n/sup +/-gate overlap to zero while keeping the n/sup -/ region fully overlapped with the gate is found to be crucial for improved performance and reliability. The device performance, such as current drivability and short-channel effects, is described, and the circuit speed is investigated. Hot-carrier effects such as lateral electric field and device lifetime over a wide range of drain structures are also investigated. The tradeoff between device performance and hot-carrier reliability in deep-submicrometer LATID FETs is discussed.< >
Coenzyme A, a cofactor in enzymatic acetyl transfer reactions, stimulates collagen production in cultured fibroblasts. The mechanisms involved in this collagen stimulation were investigated. ...Enzymatic studies using radiolabeled procollagen as substrate revealed that coenzyme A enhanced prolyl hydroxylase activity. Prolyl hydroxylase is a key enzyme in collagen synthesis acting by hydroxylation of proline residues in procollagen peptide, which is necessary for stabilizing collagen. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that coenzyme A also enhanced mRNA levels of both the alpha subunit of prolyl hydroxylase and the alpha1 chain of type I collagen. The levels of protein production of prolyl hydroxylase and type I collagen were also increased in cultured fibroblasts by coenzyme A, which correlated well with observations from Northern blotting. On the other hand, coenzyme A did not stimulate the activity nor the gene expression of two other processing enzymes: lysyl hydroxylase, which provides the sites for glycosylation and crosslinking between collagen peptides, and lysyl oxidase, a fundamental enzyme in intermolecular crosslinking. These results indicate that coenzyme A stimulates collagen production by at least two separate mechanisms: by enhancing prolyl hydroxylase activity as well as stimulating gene expression of the alpha subunit of this enzyme, and by stimulating gene expression of alpha1 chain of type I collagen.
Deep submicrometer CMOSFETs with re-annealed nitride-oxide gate dielectrics have been demonstrated to satisfy 3.3-V operation, unlike conventional oxide FETs. The 1/4- mu m re-annealed nitrided-oxide ...CMOS devices achieve (1) an improved saturation transconductance g/sub m/ of approximately 250 mu S/ mu m for n-FETs together with acceptably small degradation in p-FET g/sub m/ resulting in a CMOS gate delay time of 55 ps/stage comparable or superior to the device/circuit performance of oxide FETs, and (2) device lifetimes improved by approximately 100 times to exceed 10 years with respect to both ON- and OFF-state hot-carrier reliability for n-FETs as well as gate-dielectric integrity together with unchanged p-FET hot-carrier reliability, all at 3.3-V operation. To achieve these CMOS performance/reliability improvements, both a light nitridation and subsequent re-annealing in O/sub 2/ (reoxidation) or in N/sub 2/ (inert-annealing) are found to be crucial.< >
Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation alters components of the skin. We previously reported that chronic low‐dose UV irradiation induced wrinkle formation but did not significantly alter ...dermal components of hairless mice. In the present study, we examined whether the epidermal changes by UV irradiation could contribute to wrinkle formation. Hairless mice were irradiated with one‐third the minimum erythema dose (MED) of UVB (20 mJ/cm2) and UVA (14 J/cm2) for 10 weeks, and followed up for another 24 weeks without irradiation. Fine wrinkles were detected following irradiation, which existed even 24 weeks after cessation of irradiation. An increase in the viscoelastic proportion of the total distension (Uv/Ue) was recognized in irradiated mice, which may be related to wrinkle formation. In the epidermis, an increase in the amount of transepidermal water loss and a decrease in the water content of the stratum corneum were seen after 10 weeks of UV irradiation, neither of which recovered during the 24‐week observation period. In addition, there was a significant increase in the amount of stratum corneum keratin after 10 weeks of irradiation, which persisted during the 24‐week follow‐up. The results of our study suggest that chronic low‐dose UV irradiation primarily alters the epidermal rather than the dermal components of the skin. In addition, our results indicate that the increased keratin content of the stratum corneum may be involved in the alteration of the physical properties of the skin. This process could be one of the early events of wrinkle formation.
To investigate the effects of chronic low-dose UV irradiation on the skin, hairless mice were irradiated with a 1/3 minimal erythemal dose (MED) of UV. We examined the relationship between visible ...changes and skin damage in the dermis and epidermis. Hairless mice were irradiated with UVB (20 mJ/cm
2) and UVA (14 J/cm
2) three times a week for 10 weeks, followed by a 24-week non-irradiation period. Visible fine wrinkling was present after 4 weeks of irradiation, and the wrinkling progressively worsened throughout the period of irradiation. The wrinkles remained after irradiation was discontinued. In dermal components, no significant histological changes in the collagen fibers and elastic fibers were found, and the amount of hydroxyproline was also not changed. Thus, in the epidermis, there was a significant increase in the number of stratum corneum layers and the terminal-differentiation marker, filaggrin, positive cells. The intensity of staining for the differentiation marker, keratin 1, was reduced. These changes were accompanied by wrinkle formation, and remained after discontinuance of irradiation. These findings suggested that chronic low-dose UV irradiation induces structural and quantitative changes in the epidermis as a result of keratinzation impairment, and that this damage in the epidermis is an important causative factor in wrinkle formation.
Blue mold of tomato caused by Penicillium oxalicum in Japan Umemoto, S.(Chiba-ken. Agriculture and Forestry Research Center (Japan)); Odake, Y; Takeuchi, T ...
Journal of general plant pathology : JGPP,
10/2009, Letnik:
75, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In 2006, stem rot and blue-green crusty lesions were found on the stems of tomato plants in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Penicillium oxalicum was isolated repeatedly from the diseased plants. The causal ...fungus reproduced natural symptoms after artificial inoculation of tomato plants and was re-isolated from symptomatic plant tissue. P. oxalicum is a new pathogen that causes blue mold on tomato plants in Japan.
A battery-operated 16-Mb CMOS DRAM with address multiplexing has been developed by using an existing 0.5- mu m CMOS technology. It can access data in 36 ns when powered from a 1.8-V battery-source, ...and 20 ns at 3.3 V. However, this device requires a mere 57 mA of operating current for an 80-ns cycle time and only 5 mu A of standby current at 3.3 V. To achieve both high-speed and low-power operation, the following four circuit techniques have been developed: 1) a parallel column access redundancy (PCAR) scheme coupled with a current sensing address comparator (CSAC), 2) an N&PMOS cross-coupled read-bus-amplifier (NPCA), 3) a gate isolated sense amplifier (GISA) with low V/sub T/, and 4) a layout that minimizes the length of the signal path by employing the lead on chip (LOC) assembly technique.< >
Five eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the methanol extract of the aerial part of
Tessaria integrifolia Ruiz. et Pavon (Compositae). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of ...spectroscopic analysis as well as chemical evidence.
