In this review article, we discuss recent studies on drops and bubbles in Hele-Shaw cells, focusing on how scaling laws exhibit crossovers from the three-dimensional counterparts and focusing on ...topics in which viscosity plays an important role. By virtue of progresses in analytical theory and high-speed imaging, dynamics of drops and bubbles have actively been studied with the aid of scaling arguments. However, compared with three-dimensional problems, studies on the corresponding problems in Hele-Shaw cells are still limited. This review demonstrates that the effect of confinement in the Hele-Shaw cell introduces new physics allowing different scaling regimes to appear. For this purpose, we discuss various examples that are potentially important for industrial applications handling drops and bubbles in confined spaces by showing agreement between experiments and scaling theories. As a result, this review provides a collection of problems in hydrodynamics that may be analytically solved or that may be worth studying numerically in the near future.
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•Various dynamics of drops and bubbles in confined spaces are reviewed.•Differences from three-dimensional counterparts are clarified.•Diverse manifestation of viscous dispassion in thin films is demonstrated.•Scaling laws potentially useful for industrial applications are discussed.•Future problems for analytical theories and numerical studies are collected.
We study, experimentally and theoretically, the mechanical response of sheet materials on which line cracks or cuts are arranged in a simple pattern. Such sheet materials, often called kirigami (the ...Japanese words, kiri and gami, stand for cut and paper, respectively), demonstrate a unique mechanical response promising for various engineering applications such as stretchable batteries: kirigami sheets possess a mechanical regime in which sheets are highly stretchable and very soft compared with the original sheets without line cracks, by virtue of out-of-plane deformation. However, this regime starts after a transition from an initial stiff regime governed by in-plane deformation. In other words, the softness of the kirigami structure emerges as a result of a transition from the two-dimensional to three-dimensional deformation, i.e., from stretching to bending. We clarify the physical origins of the transition and mechanical regimes, which are revealed to be governed by simple scaling laws. The results could be useful for controlling and designing the mechanical response of sheet materials including cell sheets for medical regeneration and relevant to the development of materials with tunable stiffness and mechanical force sensors.
Certain biocomposites exploit the combination of soft and hard elements to achieve high strength and toughness. In nacre, found inside certain seashells or on the surface of pearls, hard layers of ...micron-scale thickness are glued together by thin layers of soft proteins to realize remarkable strength and toughness. In spider webs, stiffer radial threads are connected by softer spiral threads to produce a light and resistant structure. In the exoskeleton of lobsters, organic fibers form a chiral structure in an inorganic matrix. This article reviews progress in the understanding of the mechanical superiority of such soft-hard biocomposites. In particular, simple physical views are presented that allow an intuitive understanding of how their remarkable structures contribute to enhancing their fracture resistance in the presence of cracks, and how such structures are physically optimized in terms of mechanical properties. Such fundamental insights could be useful as guiding principles for developing artificial, reinforced materials.
Drag friction that acts on a disk in a two-dimensional granular medium is studied at high packing fractions. We concentrate on a high-velocity region, in which the dynamic component of the force, ...obtained as an average of a strongly fluctuating force, clearly scales with velocity squared. We find that the total force composed of dynamic and static components, as well as its fluctuation, diverges with practically the same exponent as the packing fraction approaches the jamming point. To explain the critical behavior, we propose a simple theory equipped with a diverging length scale, which agrees well with the data and elucidates physical pictures for the divergence.
Needs to impart appropriate elasticity and high toughness to viscoelastic polymer materials are ubiquitous in industries such as concerning automobiles and medical devices. One of the major problems ...to overcome for toughening is catastrophic failure linked to a velocity jump, i.e., a sharp transition in the velocity of crack propagation occurred in a narrow range of the applied load. However, its physical origin has remained an enigma despite previous studies over 60 years. Here, we propose an exactly solvable model that exhibits the velocity jump incorporating linear viscoelasticity with a cutoff length for a continuum description. With the exact solution, we elucidate the physical origin of the velocity jump: it emerges from a dynamic glass transition in the vicinity of the propagating crack tip. We further quantify the velocity jump together with slow- and fast-velocity regimes of crack propagation, which would stimulate the development of tough polymer materials.
It has long been known for elastomers that the velocity of crack propagation jumps as a function of strain. On the other hand, such a jump has not been reported in the literature for polymers which ...do not exhibit a rubbery plateau in the storage-modulus plot. Here, we report observation of jumps in crack propagation for semi-crystalline polymer sheets without the rubbery plateau, as a result of pulling the sheets at a constant speed. We discuss the advantages of this crack-propagation test under constant-speed stretching and provide physical interpretation of the velocity jump observed for non-elastomer sheets on the basis of a recently proposed theory for the velocity jump in crack propagation.
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•Crack propagation under a dynamic boundary condition is systematically studied.•Dynamic test allows the observation of velocity jump for semi-crystalline polymers.•Dynamic test is timesaving and cost-effective for identifying the velocity jump.•Dynamic test may probe into of the rubbery state of semi-crystalline polymers.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a key nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) intermediate, has been shown to ameliorate various pathologies in elderly mouse disease models. Natural killer (NK) ...cells are important innate immune cells; however, their functions decline with aging. In this study, we examined the effect of NMN treatment on NK cells in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of NMN augmented NK cell cytotoxic activity in both young and elderly B6 mice as well as young BALB/c mice. Oral administration of NMN also increased NK cell cytotoxicity in elderly B6 and BALB/c mice. However, the NK cell population was not increased in the mice whose NK cell cytotoxic activity was activated by NMN. Interestingly, NMN administration did not augment NK cell cytotoxic activity in IFN-γ deficient mice. These results suggest that NMN administration augments NK cell cytotoxic activity, but not cell number, in a manner dependent on IFN-γ in both young and elderly mice.
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