Commercial food packaging, in both bulk and unit sizes, can be found in archaeological assemblages. Newspaper advertisements from the ca. 1740 to 1820 period provide information on the shape, size, ...and contents of wood, metal, glass, ceramic, and fiber containers. The advertisements also show that elements of consumerism, in the form of brand names, distinctive packaging, unit packaging, international markets, fixed prices, ready-made items, and targeted markets, were practiced in the food industry by the early years of the 19th century.
Although malaria was officially declared eradicated from Europe in 1975, its former vectors, mainly members of the Anopheles maculipennis (Meigen) complex, are still distributed throughout the ...continent. The present situation of Anophelism without malaria indicates that current socio-economic and environmental conditions maintain the basic case reproduction number, Ro, below 1. Recently, it has been speculated that predicted climate changes may increase anopheline abundance and biting rates (as well as reduce the Plasmodium parasite extrinsic incubation period), allowing the reemergence of malaria transmission in Europe. As a preliminary step toward predicting future scenarios, we have constructed models to test whether the current distribution of the five former European malaria vectors An. atroparvus (Van Thiel), An. labranchiae (Falleroni), An. messeae (Swellengrebel & De Buck), An. sacharovi (Favr) and An. superpictus (Grassi) can be explained by environmental parameters, including climate. Multivariate logistic regression models using climate surfaces derived from interpolation of meteorological station data (resolution 0.5 × 0.5°) and remotely sensed land cover (resolution 1 × 1 km) were fitted to 1,833 reported observations of the presence and absence of each species across Europe. These relatively crude statistical models predicted presence and absence with a sensitivity of 74–85.7% and specificity of 73.4–98.1% (with climate a significantly better predictor than land cover type). A geographically independent validation of the models gave a sensitivity of 72.9–88.5% and a specificity of 72.7–99.6%. This allowed us to generate risk maps for each species across Europe. Assuming that high risk equates with the potential for high abundance, these models should permit the development of risk maps for European mosquitoes under future climate scenarios. These techniques would be equally useful for estimating the risk of reemergence in other nonendemic areas such as the United States and Australia, as well as changes to risk within endemic areas.
Deployable masts are a class of structure that can be stowed in a small volume and expanded into long, slender, and stable booms. Their greatest benefit as space structures is their packing ratio: ...masts can typically be packed to a fraction of their deployed length at a diameter only modestly wider than their deployed width. This thesis is concerned with precision deployable masts, which can be stowed and deployed with repeatability of the tip position of better than 1 mm over 60 m. The methods of investigation are experimental measurements of a sample mast and numerical modeling of the mast with specially attention to hysteretic joints. A test article of an ADAM mast was used for the experimental work. Two categories of experiment were pursued: measurements of mast components as inputs to the model, and measurements of full bays as validation cases for the model. Measurements of the longeron ball end joint friction, cable preload, and latch behavior are of particular note, and were evaluated for their variability. Further measurements were made of a bay in torsion and a short two-bay mast in shear, showing that there is residual displacement in this mast after shear loading is applied and released. The modeling approach is described in detail, with attention to the treatment of the mast latches, which lock the structure in its deployed configuration. A user element subroutine was used within the framework of the Abaqus finite element analysis solver to model the behavior of the latches with high fidelity. Validation cases for the model are presented in comparison with experimental observations of a two-bay mast. These cases show that the model captures a number of important and complex nonlinear effects of the hysteretic mast components. Parametric studies of the impacts of component behaviors and modeling practices are explored, emphasizing the impacts of part variability and the idealization of the mast latching mechanisms.
The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system in cotton is characterized, with an emphasis on the cultivated allotetraploid species Gossypium hirsutum cv. Siokra. A high level of ADH activity is present in ...seed of Siokra but quickly declines during germination. When exposed to anaerobic stress tile level of ADH activity can be induced several fold in both roots and shoots of seedlings. Unlike maize and Arabidopsis, ADH activity can be anaerobically induced in mature green leaves. Three major ADH isozymes were resolved in Siokra, and it is proposed that two genes. Adh1 and Adh2, are coding for these three isozymes. The genes are differentially expressed. ADH1 is predominant in seed and aerobically grown roots, while ADH2 is prominent in roots only after anaerobic stress. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the ADH enzyme has a native molecular weight of approximately 81 kD and a subunit molecular weight of approximately 42 kD, thus establishing that ADH in cotton is able to form and i s active as dimers. Comparisons of ADH activity levels and isozyme patterns between Siokra and other allotetraploid cottons showed that the ADH system is highly conserved among these varieties. In contrast, the diploid species if cotton all had unique isozyme patterns
Se considera enuresis la emission involuntaria de orina después de la edad en la cual el control debería haberse establecido1. Aunque la enuresis describe todas las situaciones en que se produce un ...vaciamiento de la vejiga de forma involuntaria, se suele reservar este término para las micciones involuntarias que se producen durante el sueño2. Es uno de los problemas más frecuentes en pediatría3 y representa, junto con otras alteraciones en el control y manejo de los esfínteres, un motivo frecuente en las consultas de atención primaria pediátrica.
Conocer la prevalencia punctual de enuresis nocturna en niños de 5 a 14 años, valorando antecedentes familiares y de género.
Estudio observacional, transversal.
Área básica de salud urbana.
Muestra aleatoria de 90 niños, calculada con un riesgo alfa de 0,05 y una precisión del 5%. Se consideró enurético todo niño de 5 años o mayor que mojaba la cama más de 2 veces al mes. Por encuesta de elaboración propia se recogieron las diferentes variables de estudio.
Se obtuvo una prevalencia puntual de enuresis decreciente con la edad: del 27% (4/15) a los 5 años, del 24% (4/17) a los 6 años, del 17% (7/42) de los 7 a los 10 años y del 13% (2/16) de los 11 a los 14 años. La prevalencia de enuresis global entre los 5 y los 14 años fue del 18,8% (17/90). Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p
<
0,04) en la influencia del sexo sobre la enuresis (13/17 en los niños y 4/17 en las niñas). El antecedente de enuresis materna estaba presente en el 39% de los enuréticos y en el 12% de los no enuréticos, mientras que el de enuresis paterna estaba presente en el 53% y en el 11%, respectivamente. El riesgo relativo para la población infantil de ser enurético es de 4,8 si el padre lo fue y de 2,42 si lo fue la madre. El 58,8% (10/17) había consultado el problema en algún momento, y éste generaba preocupación en el 76,5% (13/17) de los casos.
La enuresis nocturna es un fenómeno frecuente, que está relacionado con el sexo y la herencia. Los antecedentes familiares tienen una clara relación con el proceso, si bien el paterno posee una mayor trascendencia que el materno. El problema produce una percepción desagradable en el niño y, sin embargo, no siempre se llega a consultar. El abordaje de la enuresis requiere, por tanto, una atención multidisciplinaria, dada la diversidad de factores relacionados con ella4.
Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of cancer have progressively improved in technical sophistication and accurately recapitulating the cognate human condition and have had a measurable impact ...upon our knowledge of tumorigenesis. However, the application of such models toward the development of innovative therapeutic and diagnostic approaches has lagged behind. Our laboratory has established accurate mouse models of early and advanced ductal pancreatic cancer by conditionally expressing mutant K-ras and Trp53 alleles from their endogenous promoters in pancreatic progenitor cells. These K-Ras-dependent preclinical models provide valuable information on the cell types and pathways involved in the development of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, they can be used to investigate the molecular, cellular, pharmacokinetic, and radiological characteristics of drug response to classical chemotherapeutics and to targeted agents. This chapter reviews the methods used to explore issues of drug delivery, imaging, and preclinical trial design in our GEM models for pancreatic cancer. We hypothesize that results of our preclinical studies will inform the design of clinical trials for pancreatic cancer patients.
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