Toxic effects of diuron and carbofuran on Paramecium caudatum were evaluated. Acute and chronic tests were conducted with diuron and carbofuran active ingredients and their commercial formulations, ...Diuron Nortox® 500 SC and Furadan® 350 SC, respectively. The sensitivity range of P. caudatum to reference substance sodium chloride was established. A preliminary risk assessment of diuron and carbofuran for Brazilian water bodies was performed. The tests indicated that toxicity of pure diuron and its commercial formulation was similar, while the commercial product carbofuran was more toxic than its pure form. In acute tests, readings were carried out at 2, 3, 4 and 6 h and showed an increase of mortality with increasing exposure time. The sensitivity of P. caudatum to NaCl ranged from 3.31 to 4.44 g L−1, averaging 3.88 g L−1. For diuron, the 6 h LC50 was 64.6 ± 3.3 mg L−1 for its pure form and 62.4 ± 2.5 mg L−1 for its commercial formulation. Carbofuran active ingredient was less toxic than that of diuron, presenting a 6 h LC50 of 142.0 ± 2.4 mg L−1 for its pure form and 70.4 ± 2.2 mg L−1 for its commercial product. Chronic tests showed that these pesticides cause significant decrease on population growth, generation number and biomass of P. caudatum. The 24 h IC50 was 7.10 ± 0.58 mg L−1 for pure diuron, 6.78 ± 0.92 mg L−1 for commercial diuron, 22.95 ± 3.57 mg L−1 for pure carbofuran and 4.98 ± 0.62 mg L−1 for commercial carbofuran. Preliminary risk assessment indicated that diuron and carbofuran present potential ecological risks for Brazilian water bodies. P. caudatum was a suitable and sensitive test organism to evaluate diuron and carbofuran toxicity to freshwater protozooplankton and, taking into account the relevant role of protozoans in aquatic environments, we strongly recommend its inclusion in ecotoxicological studies.
•Diuron and carbofuran decreased growth, generation number and biomass of P. caudatum.•The toxicity of pure and commercial form of diuron was similar.•Commercial product carbofuran was more toxic than its pure form to this protozoan.•P. caudatum is a suitable test organism to evaluate pesticide toxicity.•Diuron and carbofuran represent potential ecological risks for Brazilian water bodies.
Diuron and carbofuran chronic exposure cause significant decrease on population growth, generation number and biomass of Paramecium caudatum.
Several studies have indicated that this phenolic compound presented interesting biological and pharmacological properties, in large part attributed to its putative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ...effects (Cavaca et al., 2020), antimicrobial properties (Guinda, 2006; Tripoli et al., 2005; Bayram et al., 2020), anticancer potential (Bonoli et al., 2004; Przychodzen et al., 2019); cardioprotection activity (Papachristodoulou et al., 2019; Nediani et al., 2019); affects lipid metabolism (Fki et al., 2020; Ucella, 2001), reduce body weight, alleviated kidney injury, and decreased oxidative stress and inflammatory response and inhibits platelet aggregation (Liu et al., 2019) and reduces LDL levels (Hadrich et al., 2016). The enzyme involved in this reaction is â-glucosidase that rapidly acts during the crushing and malaxation steps of the olive oil extraction process to modulate the phenolic profile of virgin olive oil, and also contributes to the degradation of oleuropein at the beginning of the brining stage of natural table olives (Ramírez et al., 2016). ...there is a need to develop novel techniques to encapsulate the risks headed with extraction process. ...suitable conditions are required to maximize the extraction efficiency and to minimize the processing loss of phenolics.
Cotton crop yields are largely affected by infestations of Anthonomus grandis, which is its main pest. Although Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) derived proteins can limit insect pest infestations, the ...diverse use of control methods becomes a viable alternative in order to prolong the use of technology in the field. One of the alternative methods to Bt technology has been the utilization of certain Pseudomonas species highly efficient in controlling coleopteran insects have been used to produce highly toxic insecticidal proteins. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of IPD072Aa and PIP-47Aa proteins, isolated from Pseudomonas spp., in interaction with Cry1Ia10, Cry3Aa, and Cry8B proteins isolated from B. thuringiensis, to control A. grandis in cotton crops. The genes IPD072Aa and PIP-47Aa were synthesized and cloned into a pET-SUMO expression vector. Moreover, Cry1Ia10, Cry3Aa, and Cry8B proteins were obtained by inducing recombinant E. coli clones, which were previously acquired by our research group from the Laboratory of Bacteria Genetics and Applied Biotechnology (LGBBA). These proteins were visualized in SDS-PAGE, quantified, and incorporated into an artificial diet to estimate their lethal concentrations (LC) through individual or combined bioassays. The results of individual toxicity revealed that IPD072Aa, PIP-47Aa, Cry1Ia10, Cry3Aa, and Cry8B were efficient in controlling A. grandis, with the latter being the most toxic. Regarding interaction assays, a high synergistic interaction was observed between Cry1Ia10 and Cry3Aa. All interactions involving Cry3Aa and PIP-47Aa, when combined with other proteins, showed a clear synergistic effect. Our findings highlighted that the tested proteins in combination, for the most part, increase toxicity against A. grandis neonate larvae, suggesting possible constructions for pyramiding cotton plants to the manage and the control boll weevils.
Adipose tissue is involved in several metabolic changes. This study investigated the association between the fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue ...pre-surgery and the postsurgical response regarding the evolution of weight and concentrations of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in adult women who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB, n = 14) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG, n = 19) at one (T1), three (T3) and six (T6) years after surgery.
Blood samples were collected to obtain plasma for the measurement of IL-6 and TNF. Anthropometric measurements were performed, collecting samples of VAT and SAT during surgery to assess the FA profiles.
Weight loss had a positive correlation with the percentage of VAT-C17:0 (T1, T3) and SAT-C18:2 (T1, T3, T6), and it had a negative correlation with SAT-C22:0 (T1, T3) and VAT-C22:0 (T3). Regarding the inflammatory response, SAT-C14:0 (T6), VAT-C14:0 (T6), SAT-C14:1 (baseline), SAT-C15:0 (T6), SAT-C16:1 (T6), VAT-C16:1 (baseline), SAT-C17:1 (T6), VAT-C17:1 (baseline), VAT-C18:1 (T6), and VAT-C20:1 (T6) exhibited positive correlations with the concentration of IL-6, which were different from the correlations of IL-6 concentrations with SAT-C18:2, VAT-C18:2 (T6), and VAT-C18:3 (T6). The FA SAT-C18:0 (T1) was negatively correlated with TNF concentrations.
Saturated FAs were predominantly proinflammatory, primarily in the late postoperative period. Alternately, the polyunsaturated FAs exhibited anti-inflammatory potential and predicted weight loss. Thus, the FA profile of the adipose tissue of obese adult women may be a predictor of the ponderal and inflammatory response 6 years after bariatric surgery.
This study was approved by the ethics committee of Federal University of Viçosa; Registration n. 17287913.2.0000.5153; Date: 07/05/2013.
Purpose
To evaluate the effects of two dietary patterns in which carbohydrates and proteins were eaten mostly at lunch or dinner on body weight and composition, energy metabolism, and biochemical ...markers in overweight/obese men.
Methods
Fifty-eight men (30.0 ± 7.4 years; 30.8 ± 2.4 kg/m
2
) followed a covert hypocaloric balanced diet (−10 % of daily energy requirements) during 8 weeks. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: control diet (CT); diurnal carbohydrate/nocturnal protein (DCNP); and nocturnal carbohydrate/diurnal protein (NCDP). Main analyzed outcomes were weight loss, body composition, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and glucose/lipid profile.
Results
In all groups, a significant decrease in body weight, BMI, and fat mass (kg and %) was verified, without differences between groups. Interestingly, within group analyses showed that the fat-free mass (kg) significantly decreased in NCDP and in CT after 8-week intervention, but not in DCNP. A detrimental increase in fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA
IR
) was verified only in DCNP, while NCDP and CT groups presented a non-significant reduction. Moreover, significant differences between DCNP and the other groups were detected for fasting insulin and HOMA
IR
. After the adjustments, NCDP presented a significantly higher DIT and energy expenditure after lunch, compared with DCNP, but after dinner, there were no differences among groups.
Conclusion
Eating carbohydrates mostly at dinner and protein mostly at lunch within a hypocaloric balanced diet had similar effect on body composition and biochemical markers, but higher effect on DIT compared with control diet. Moreover, eating carbohydrates mostly at lunch and protein mostly at dinner had a deleterious impact on glucose homeostasis.
PURPOSE: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria might be an inflammation trigger in adipose tissue. It has recently been proposed that there is a link between ...adipose tissue distribution and blood LPS. However, the number of studies on this topic is scarce, and further investigation in humans is required. In this study, we explored the association between plasma LPS concentrations and body fat distribution, as well as the biochemical parameters that may indicate the presence of metabolic disorders. METHODS: Sixty-seven young adult men with body mass index of 26–35 kg/m² were evaluated. Anthropometry, body composition and body fat distribution, blood pressure, energy expenditure, physical activity level, dietary intake, and biochemical parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Men with median plasma LPS ≥ 0.9 EU/mL presented higher sagittal abdominal diameter, trunk fat percentage, and android fat percentage, and mass, insulin and alanine aminotransferase concentrations, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and beta cell dysfunction (HOMA-B) than those with lower plasma LPS. LPS correlated positively with the trunk fat percentage, and android fat percentage, and mass, insulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations, as well as HOMA-IR and HOMA-B. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a higher plasma LPS concentration is associated with a less favorable phenotype as characterized by higher central adiposity, higher values of HOMA-IR, and beta cell function impairment in overweight/obese men.
Abstract Predictive equations and methods tend to overestimate or underestimate resting energy expenditure (REE) compared with indirect calorimetry (IC). This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate ...the agreement between methods and equations for REE estimation of overweight and obese Brazilian men. Data from 48 healthy volunteers, ages 20 to 43 years and with body mass index ranging from 26.4 to 35.2, were collected between October 2008 and October 2009. REE was measured by IC, using Deltatrac (IC1) and KORR-MetaCheck (IC2) devices. It was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using tetrapolar (BIA1) and bipolar (BIA2) devices, and by the equations of Mifflin, World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization/United Nations University, Fleisch, Horie-Waitzberg and Gonzalez, and Ireton-Jones. The association and agreement among the methods and equations were assessed by the interclass correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman analysis, and by the percentage of the difference between values obtained from the standard method and alternative methods and equations. Most methods showed high agreement with IC1. The highest agreements were found for Mifflin (−2.14%), Fleisch (−3.05%), Horie-Waitzberg and Gonzalez (4.41%), and BIA2 (5.25%). Similar results were shown by the Bland-Altman analyses. BIA2, followed by BIA1, Ireton-Jones, Mifflin, and Fleisch, showed the highest association with IC1. Thus, the Mifflin, Fleisch, Horie-Waitzberg and Gonzalez equations, and BIA2, were the most accurate methods for REE estimation in this study. However, because those equations have shown considerable variability, they should be used cautiously. In addition, the IC2 was not found to be an accurate method for REE estimation in overweight and obese men included in this study.
The consumption of food with MUFA has been associated with improvement of inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight individuals. In the present study, we evaluate the effect of high-oleic ...peanut intake within a hypoenergetic diet on inflammatory and oxidative status markers in overweight men. Sixty-four overweight men (BMI 26-35 kg/m2, 18-50 years old) participated in this randomised controlled study for 4 weeks, allocated into three groups: control (CT, n 22), conventional peanut (CVP, n 21) and high-oleic peanut (HOP, n 21). They followed a hypoenergetic diet (-250 kcal/d; -1045 kJ/d) with or without 56 g of high-oleic or conventional peanuts. After the intervention, the inflammatory markers did not show significant changes in fasting concentrations or postprandial response among the experimental groups (P > 0·05). The activity of oxidative status markers remained unchanged after the intervention. However, in the CT, malondialdehyde showed lower concentration in comparison with the baseline (P = 0·020) and among the groups (P = 0·002). In the present study, the daily intake of high-oleic peanuts within a hypoenergetic diet did not modify the inflammatory markers and oxidative status in overweight men. More studies are needed to better understand the effect of high-oleic peanut intake on health outcomes.
Resumo: Introdução: A fibrilhação auricular é a arritmia cardíaca mais comum. Tem repercussões clínicas importantes pelo aumento de fenómenos tromboembólicos e da mortalidade. Os scores CHA2DS2VASc e ...HAS-BLED auxiliam o clínico a ponderar os benefícios e riscos da terapêutica antitrombótica. Objetivo: Pretendeu-se avaliar e melhorar a qualidade da terapêutica profilática antitrombótica prescrita a doentes com fibrilhação auricular. Métodos: É um estudo de qualidade integrando um circuito de avaliação e melhoria, aplicado à população de uma unidade de saúde familiar. O ciclo era composto por uma primeira avaliação, intervenção educacional e fechava-se com uma segunda avaliação. Calcularam-se ambos os scores para todos os doentes. Sempre que o CHA2DS2VASc recomendava o início de anticoagulantes ponderou-se o risco versus benefício com o HAS-BLED. Assim foi possível determinar para cada doente se a terapêutica prescrita era adequada. Resultados: Na primeira avaliação foram incluídos 105 doentes, dos quais 49,5%, segundo a ponderação dos scores, tinham uma terapêutica profilática adequada. Na segunda avaliação, quatro meses após a intervenção, a adequação terapêutica foi de 60,0%. A variação correspondeu a uma melhoria de 21,2% quanto ao número de doentes com terapêutica adequada. Conclusões: Em ambas as avaliações a inadequação terapêutica deveu-se à não instituição de profilaxia com anticoagulantes orais. Este ciclo de qualidade serve como ferramenta para se manter uma avaliação contínua na busca de uma melhoria de assistência aos doentes com fibrilhação auricular. Abstract: Introduction: Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and has important clinical repercussions, increasing thromboembolic events and mortality. The CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores assist the clinician in assessing the benefits and risks of antithrombotic therapy. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess and improve the quality of prophylactic antithrombotic therapy prescribed to patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods: This was a quality study, based on a cycle of assessment and improvement, applied to the population of a family health unit, consisting of an initial assessment, an educational intervention and a second assessment. Both scores were calculated for all patients. Whenever the CHA2DS2-VASc score recommended initiation of anticoagulation, the risk was calculated by the HAS-BLED score; it was thus possible to determine for each patient if the prescribed therapy was appropriate. Results: The first assessment included 105 patients, of whom 49.5% had appropriate prophylactic therapy according to their scores. In the second assessment, four months after the educational intervention, 60.0% had been prescribed appropriate therapy, which represented a 21.2% improvement. Conclusions: In both assessments, inappropriate treatment was due to non-prescription of prophylactic oral anticoagulation. This quality cycle serves as a tool for continuous assessment in the pursuit of improved care for patients with atrial fibrillation. Palavras-chave: Fibrilhação auricular, Estratificação do risco tromboembólico, CHA2DS2-VASc, Score de risco hemorrágico, Keywords: Atrial fibrillation, Thromboembolic risk stratification, CHA2DS2-VASc, Bleeding risk score
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