Tropical rainforests store enormous amounts of carbon, the protection of which represents a vital component of efforts to mitigate global climate change. Currently, tropical forest conservation, ...science, policies, and climate mitigation actions focus predominantly on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation alone. However, every year vast areas of the humid tropics are disturbed by selective logging, understory fires, and habitat fragmentation. There is an urgent need to understand the effect of such disturbances on carbon stocks, and how stocks in disturbed forests compare to those found in undisturbed primary forests as well as in regenerating secondary forests. Here, we present the results of the largest field study to date on the impacts of human disturbances on above and belowground carbon stocks in tropical forests. Live vegetation, the largest carbon pool, was extremely sensitive to disturbance: forests that experienced both selective logging and understory fires stored, on average, 40% less aboveground carbon than undisturbed forests and were structurally similar to secondary forests. Edge effects also played an important role in explaining variability in aboveground carbon stocks of disturbed forests. Results indicate a potential rapid recovery of the dead wood and litter carbon pools, while soil stocks (0–30 cm) appeared to be resistant to the effects of logging and fire. Carbon loss and subsequent emissions due to human disturbances remain largely unaccounted for in greenhouse gas inventories, but by comparing our estimates of depleted carbon stocks in disturbed forests with Brazilian government assessments of the total forest area annually disturbed in the Amazon, we show that these emissions could represent up to 40% of the carbon loss from deforestation in the region. We conclude that conservation programs aiming to ensure the long‐term permanence of forest carbon stocks, such as REDD+, will remain limited in their success unless they effectively avoid degradation as well as deforestation.
A bibliographic database of scientific papers published by authors affiliated to research institutions worldwide, especially focused in Europe and in the European Atlantic Area, and containing the ...keywords "microalga(e)" or "phytoplankton" was built. A corpus of 79,020 publications was obtained and analyzed using the Orbit Intellixir software to characterize the research trends related to microalgae markets, markets opportunities and technologies that could have important impacts on markets evolution. Six major markets opportunities, the production of
,
,
,
and
, and two fast-evolving technological domains driving markets evolution,
and
, were highlighted. We here present an advanced analysis of these research domains to give an updated overview of scientific concepts driving microalgae markets.
Microalgae and cyanobacteria represent a diverse renewable resource with significant potential for the industrial production of goods and services with high added value. However, scientific, ...technical/technological, legislative and market gaps and barriers still limit the growth of these markets in Europe and the number of exploited species. We conducted an in-depth survey of European microalgae researchers, experts and stakeholders to identify these limitations and to discuss strategies, recommendations and guidelines to overcome these barriers. Here, we present the findings of this study which detail the main promising markets for microalgae and cyanobacteria in the coming decades, an updated SWOT analysis of the sector, the current opportunities, limitations, risks and threats for microalgae research and market sectors in Europe, a traffic light analysis for a quick assessment of market opportunities for each microalgae sector and detailed recommendations/guidelines for overcoming the scientific, technical/technological, legislative and market gaps and barriers.
Forest inventory studies in the Amazon indicate a large terrestrial carbon sink. However, field plots may fail to represent forest mortality processes at landscape-scales of tropical forests. Here we ...characterize the frequency distribution of disturbance events in natural forests from 0.01 ha to 2,651 ha size throughout Amazonia using a novel combination of forest inventory, airborne lidar and satellite remote sensing data. We find that small-scale mortality events are responsible for aboveground biomass losses of ~1.7 Pg C y(-1) over the entire Amazon region. We also find that intermediate-scale disturbances account for losses of ~0.2 Pg C y(-1), and that the largest-scale disturbances as a result of blow-downs only account for losses of ~0.004 Pg C y(-1). Simulation of growth and mortality indicates that even when all carbon losses from intermediate and large-scale disturbances are considered, these are outweighed by the net biomass accumulation by tree growth, supporting the inference of an Amazon carbon sink.
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases are considered the most common neurodegenerative disorders, representing a major focus of neuroscience research to understanding the cellular alterations and ...pathophysiological mechanisms involved. Several natural products, including flavonoids, are considered able to cross the blood-brain barrier and are known for their central nervous system-related activity. Therefore, studies are being conducted with these chemical constituents to analyze their activities in slowing down the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The present systematic review summarizes the pharmacological effects of flavonoids in animal models for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. A PRISMA model for systematic review was utilized for this search. The research was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, BIREME, and Science Direct. Based on the inclusion criteria, 31 articles were selected and discussed in this review. The studies listed revealed that the main targets of action for Alzheimer’s disease therapy were reduction of reactive oxygen species and amyloid beta-protein production, while for Parkinson’s disease reduction of the cellular oxidative potential and the activation of mechanisms of neuronal death. Results showed that a variety of flavonoids is being studied and can be promising for the development of new drugs to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, it was possible to verify that there is a lack of translational research and clinical evidence of these promising compounds.
：A bibliographic database of scientific papers published by authors affiliated worldwide, especially focused in Europe and in the European Atlantic Area, and containing the keywords "microalga(e)" or ..."phytoplankton" was built. A corpus of 79,020 publications was obtained and analyzed using the Orbit Intellixir software to highlight the evolution of the research domain. Publication rates from 1960 to 2019, organization of the research, collaboration networks between countries and organizations, emerging and fading research concepts, major studied species, and associated concepts, as well as journals publishing microalgae research were considered. As a result, of the 79,020 papers published worldwide, 26,137 included authors from Europe (33% of world production) and 6989 from the European Atlantic Area (AA) (27% of European production, 9% of world production). The main worldwide scientific research topics found in this study were
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, and
. At the European scale, the most studied topics were related to the
,
,
,
,
,
, and
. The highest scientific trends and market opportunities analysis identified
and
as top emerging concepts at the European level and
,
, and
at the European AA level.
For more than 40 years, marine microorganisms have raised great interest because of their major ecological function and their numerous applications for biotechnology and pharmacology. Particularly, ...Archaea represent a resource of great potential for the identification of new metabolites because of their adaptation to extreme environmental conditions and their original metabolic pathways, allowing the synthesis of unique biomolecules. Studies on archaeal carotenoids are still relatively scarce and only a few works have focused on their industrial scale production and their biotechnological and pharmacological properties, while the societal demand for these bioactive pigments is growing. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on carotenoid metabolism in Archaea and the potential applications of these pigments in biotechnology and medicine. After reviewing the ecology and classification of these microorganisms, as well as their unique cellular and biochemical characteristics, this paper highlights the most recent data concerning carotenoid metabolism in Archaea, the biological properties of these pigments, and biotechnological considerations for their production at industrial scale.
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•Morus nigra decreased paw edema and hypernociception induced by Bothrops venon.•The anti-inflammatory activity of Morus nigra, gets retained in the drug carrier.•Morus nigra reduces ...paw edema and leucocyte migration induced by carrageenan.•Morus nigra effects involve the modulation of serotonin and bradykinin actions.
Bothropic venoms cause intense local damage, pain, edema, and myonecrosis. Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) has several uses in folk medicine and can be a promising candidate for the treatment of several inflammatory disorders.
The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of the ethanolic extract of Morus nigra L. (Mn-EtOH) on paw lesions induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom (BjcuV) in mice.
UV–vis absorption of BjcuV was evaluated. A phytochemical study was performed, which led to the isolation and characterization of three compounds. These compounds were identified using spectrometric methods, namely LC–MS and NMR (1D and 2D), followed by the validation of their spectra with the data available in the literature. Further, the flavonoids i.e. rutin and quercetin (chemical markers of M. nigra), Mn-EtOH or Mn-EtOH-encapsulated electrospun fibers of Eudragit L100 (FB/Mn-EtOH), and Mn-EtOH-encapsulated microparticles of Eudragit L100 (MP/Mn-EtOH) were evaluated, in paw edema test induced by BjcuV.
UV–vis spectra showed the presence of phospholipases A2 as component of BjcuV. The chemical examination resulted in the isolation of β-sitosterol, quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside, and kaempferol-3-O-glucopyranoside. Mn-EtOH, FB/Mn-EtOH, MP/Mn-EtOH, rutin, and quercetin reduced the local edema induced by BjcuV. The Mn-EtOH also prevented edema provoked by serotonin and bradykinin. Moreover, it reduced paw edema and peritoneal leukocyte infiltration induced by carrageenan, and decreased the mechanical hypernociception of BjcuV. Mn-EtOH exerted anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects, possibly by the inhibition of leukocyte migration and the modulation of serotonin and bradykinin actions. This anti-inflammatory activity was maintained even upon incorporation of the M. nigra extract into the drug delivery systems (i.e., Mn-EtOH-encapsulated FBs and MPs of Eudragit L100).
These results reinforce the therapeutic potential of M. nigra in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, in addition to, its role as a complementary treatment of snakebites.
Cutaneous melanoma has a high capacity to metastasize and significant resistance to conventional therapeutic protocols, which makes its treatment difficult. The combination of conventional drugs with ...cytostatic molecules of low toxicity has been shown to be an interesting alternative for sensitization of tumor cells to chemotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the effect of bixin, an abundant apocarotenoid present in Bixa orellana, on the sensitization of human melanoma cells (A2058) to dacarbazine treatment, an anticancer agent clinically used for the therapy of metastatic melanoma. UPLC-DAD-MS/MS analyses of bioactive extracts from B. orellana seeds led to the identification of two new apocarotenoids: 6,8′-diapocarotene-6,8′-dioic acid and 6,7′-diapocarotene-6,7′-dioic acid. After being identified as its major compound, bixin (Z-bixin) was evaluated on A2058 cells expressing the oncogenic BRAF VE600 mutation and resistant to dacarbazine treatment. Bixin promoted growth inhibition, reduced cell migration, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. When associated with dacarbazine, bixin restored the sensitivity of A2058 cells to chemotherapy, enhancing its antiproliferative, anti-migratory and pro-apoptotic effects. Combined treatment also induced higher ROS (reactive oxygen species) and MDA (malondialdehyde, a lipid peroxidation marker) generation than monotreatment, suggesting that the oxidative stress caused by bixin contributes significantly to its sensitizing effect. Taken together, these data suggest that bixin exerts intrinsic antimelanoma activity by mechanisms complementary to those of dacarbazine, encouraging its use in combined therapy for cutaneous melanoma treatment.
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•Identification of two new apocarotenoids (6,8′-diapocarotene-6,8′-dioic acid and 6,7′-diapocarotene-6,7′-dioic acid).•First detection of naringenin and β-12′-apo-carotenoic acid in B. orellana.•Purification, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of bixin (Z-bixin) on human melanoma cells.•Sensitization of melanoma cells to dacarbazine treatment by bixin (combined therapy).•Potentialization of pro-apoptotic effect of dacarbazine by increasing oxidative stress.
Melanoma cells are highly invasive and metastatic tumor cells and commonly express molecular alterations that contribute to multidrug resistance (e.g., BRAFV600E mutation). Conventional treatment is ...not effective in a long term, requiring an exhaustive search for new alternatives. Recently, carotenoids from microalgae have been investigated as adjuvant in antimelanoma therapy due to their safety and acceptable clinical tolerability. Many of them are currently used as food supplements. In this review, we have compiled several studies that show microalgal carotenoids inhibit cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion, as well as induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various melanoma cell lines. MAPK and NF-ĸB pathway, MMP and apoptotic factors are frequently affected after exposure to microalgal carotenoids. Fucoxanthin, astaxanthin and zeaxanthin are the main carotenoids investigated, in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Preclinical data indicate these compounds exhibit direct antimelanoma effect but are also capable of restoring melanoma cells sensitivity to conventional chemotherapy (e.g., vemurafenib and dacarbazine).
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