This study suggests a novel progress in the change journey toward sustainability by empirically investigating the mediation role of employee engagement with environmental initiatives between green ...HRM practices and individual green behavior. Further, this study invoked the classical theory of person-organization-fit to examine the role of certain personality traits in moderating the associations between HRM practices and employee engagement with environmental initiatives. A quantitative research method with a purposeful-sampling technique was used to reach 376 employees who work at four and five-star hotels operating in Jordan. The study provides original findings indicating that employee engagement partially mediates the association between green HRM practices and individual green behavior. Additionally, this study emphasizes the importance of organization-person interaction in fostering employee engagement with environmental initiatives.
The fundamental properties and ultimate performance limits of organolead trihalide MAPbX3 (MA = CH3NH3+; X = Br– or I–) perovskites remain obscured by extensive disorder in polycrystalline MAPbX3 ...films. We report an antisolvent vapor-assisted crystallization approach that enables us to create sizable crack-free MAPbX3 single crystals with volumes exceeding 100 cubic millimeters. These large single crystals enabled a detailed characterization of their optical and charge transport characteristics. We observed exceptionally low trap-state densities on the order of 109 to 1010 per cubic centimeter in MAPbX3 single crystals (comparable to the best photovoltaic-quality silicon) and charge carrier diffusion lengths exceeding 10 micrometers. These results were validated with density functional theory calculations.
Radiation detection, using materials to convert high-energy photons to low-energy photons (X-ray imaging) or electrical charges (X-ray detector), has become essential for a wide range of applications ...including medical diagnostic technologies, computed tomography, quality inspection and security, etc. Metal halide perovskite-based high-resolution scintillation-imaging screens or direct conversion detectors are promising candidates for such applications, because they have high absorption cross sections for X-rays due to their heavy atom (e.g., Pb2+, Bi3+, I–) compositions; moreover, these materials are solution-processable at low temperature, possessing tunable bandgaps, near-unity photoluminescence quantum yields, low trap density, high charge carrier mobility, and fast photoresponse. In this review, we explore and decipher the working mechanism of scintillators and direct conversion detectors as well as the key advantages of halide perovskites for both detection approaches. We further discuss the recent advancements in this promising research area, pointing out the remaining challenges and our perspective for future research directions toward perovskite-based X-ray applications.
Atomic-Level Doping of Metal Clusters Ghosh, Atanu; Mohammed, Omar F; Bakr, Osman M
Accounts of chemical research,
12/2018, Letnik:
51, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Conspectus Atomically precise noble metal (mainly silver and gold) nanoclusters are an emerging category of promising functional materials for future applications in energy, sensing, catalysis, and ...nanoelectronics. These nanoclusters are protected by ligands such as thiols, phosphines, and hydride and have sizes between those of atoms and plasmonic nanoparticles. In metallurgy, the properties of a pure metal are modified by the addition of other metals, which often offers augmented characteristics, making them more utilizable for real-life applications. In this Account, we discuss how the incorporation of various metal atoms into existing protected nanoclusters tunes their structure and properties. The process of incorporating metals into an existing cluster is known as doping; the product is known as a doped cluster, and the incorporated metal atom is called a dopant/foreign atom. We first present a brief historical overview of protected clusters and the need for doping and explain (with examples) the difference between an “alloy” and a “doped” cluster, which are two frequently confused terms. We then discuss several commonly observed challenges in the synthesis of doped clusters: (i) doping produces a mixture of compositions that prevents the growth of single crystals; (ii) doping with foreign atoms sometimes changes the overall composition and structure of the parent cluster; and (iii) doping beyond a certain number of foreign atoms decomposes the doped cluster. After delineating the challenges, we review a few potential synthetic methods for doped clusters: (i) the co-reduction method, (ii) the galvanic exchange method, (iii) ligand-induced conversion of bimetallic clusters to doped clusters, and (iv) intercluster reactions. As a foreign atom is able to occupy different positions within the structure of the parent cluster, we examine the structural relationship between the parent clusters and their different foreign-atom-doped clusters. We then show how doping enhances the stability, luminescence, and catalytic properties of clusters. The enhancement factor highly depends on the number and nature of the foreign atoms, which can also alter the charge state of the parent cluster. Atomic-level doping of foreign atoms in the parent cluster is confirmed by high-resolution electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry techniques and single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The photophysical properties of the doped clusters are investigated using both time-dependent and steady-state luminescence and optical absorption spectroscopies. After presenting an overview of atomic-level doping in metal clusters and demonstrating its importance for enriching the chemistry and photophysics of clusters and extending their applications, we conclude this Account with a brief perspective on the field’s future.
Conspectus Over the past decade, the impressive development of metal halide perovskites (MHPs) has made them leading candidates for applications in photovoltaics (PVs), X-ray scintillators, and ...light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Constructing MHP nanocrystals (NCs) with promising optoelectronic properties using a low-cost approach is critical to realizing their commercial potential. Self-assembly and regrowth techniques provide a simple and powerful “bottom-up” platform for controlling the structure, shape, and dimensionality of MHP NCs. The soft ionic nature of MHP NCs, in conjunction with their low formation energy, rapid anion exchange, and ease of ion migration, enables the rearrangement of their overall appearance via self-assembly or regrowth. Because of their low formation energy and highly dynamic surface ligands, MHP NCs have a higher propensity to regrow than conventional hard-lattice NCs. Moreover, their self-assembly and regrowth can be achieved simultaneously. The self-assembly of NCs into close-packed, long-range-ordered mesostructures provides a platform for modulating their electronic properties (e.g., conductivity and carrier mobility). Moreover, assembled MHP NCs exhibit collective properties (e.g., superfluorescence, renormalized emission, longer phase coherence times, and long exciton diffusion lengths) that can translate into dramatic improvements in device performance. Further regrowth into fused MHP nanostructures with the removal of ligand barriers between NCs could facilitate charge carrier transport, eliminate surface point defects, and enhance stability against moisture, light, and electron-beam irradiation. However, the synthesis strategies, diversity and complexity of structures, and optoelectronic applications that emanate from the self-assembly and regrowth of MHPs have not yet received much attention. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of the design principles of self-assembled and fused MHP nanostructures will fuel further advances in their optoelectronic applications. In this Account, we review the latest developments in the self-assembly and regrowth of MHP NCs. We begin with a survey of the mechanisms, driving forces, and techniques for controlling MHP NC self-assembly. We then explore the phase transition of fused MHP nanostructures at the atomic level, delving into the mechanisms of facet-directed connections and the kinetics of their shape-modulation behavior, which have been elucidated with the aid of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and first-principles density functional theory calculations of surface energies. We further outline the applications of assembled and fused nanostructures. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on current challenges and future directions in the field of MHP NCs.
In this work, we explored perovskite oxide SrTiO3 (STO) for the first time as the electron-transporting layer in organolead trihalide perovskite solar cells. The steady-state photoluminescence (PL) ...quenching and transient absorption experiments revealed efficient photoelectron transfer from CH3NH3PbI3–x Cl x to STO. Perovskite solar cells with meso-STO exhibit an open circuit voltage of 1.01 V, which is 25% higher than the value of 0.81 V achieved in the control device with the conventional meso-TiO2. In addition, an increase of 17% in the fill factor was achieved by tailoring the thickness of the meso-STO layer. We found that the application of STO leads to uniform perovskite layers with large grains and complete surface coverage, leading to a high shunt resistance and improved performance. These findings suggest STO as a competitive candidate as electron transport material in organometal perovskite solar cells.
Oriented semiconductor nanostructures and thin films exhibit many advantageous properties, such as directional exciton transport, efficient charge transfer and separation, and optical anisotropy, and ...hence these nanostructures are highly promising for use in optoelectronics and photonics. The controlled growth of these structures can facilitate device integration to improve optoelectronic performance and benefit in-depth fundamental studies of the physical properties of these materials. Halide perovskites have emerged as a new family of promising and cost-effective semiconductor materials for next-generation high-power conversion efficiency photovoltaics and for versatile high-performance optoelectronics, such as light-emitting diodes, lasers, photodetectors, and high-energy radiation imaging and detectors. In this Review, we summarize the advances in the fabrication of halide perovskite nanostructures and thin films with controlled dimensionality and crystallographic orientation, along with their applications and performance characteristics in optoelectronics. We examine the growth methods, mechanisms, and fabrication strategies for several technologically relevant structures, including nanowires, nanoplates, nanostructure arrays, single-crystal thin films, and highly oriented thin films. We highlight and discuss the advantageous photophysical properties and remarkable performance characteristics of oriented nanostructures and thin films for optoelectronics. Finally, we survey the remaining challenges and provide a perspective regarding the opportunities for further progress in this field.
PDF
