The oral cavity, an essential part of the upper aerodigestive tract, is believed to play an important role in the pathogenicity and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The identification of targeted ...antiviral mouth rinses to reduce salivary viral load would contribute to reducing the COVID-19 pandemic. While awaiting the results of significant clinical studies, which to date do not exist, the commercial availability of mouth rinses leads us to search among them for reagents that would have specific antiviral properties with respect to SARS-CoV-2. The challenges facing this target were examined for 7 reagents found in commercially available mouth rinses and listed on the ClinicalTrials.gov website: povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, cyclodextrin, Citrox, cetylpyridinium chloride, and essential oils. Because SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, many reagents target the outer lipid membrane. Moreover, some of them can act on the capsid by denaturing proteins. Until now, there has been no scientific evidence to recommend mouth rinses with an anti–SARS-CoV-2 effect to control the viral load in the oral cavity. This critical review indicates that current knowledge of these reagents would likely improve trends in salivary viral load status. This finding is a strong sign to encourage clinical research for which quality protocols are already available in the literature.
•Large Eddy Simulations of gravity currents flowing up a slope are presented.•The presence of a backward flow in the near-wall region is detected and analysed.•The potential sediment transport is ...found to be dependent on the bed upslope.•Elongated turbulent structures are observed to develop in the near-wall region.•The turbulent kinetic energy decreases as the upslope increases.
Lock-release gravity currents flowing up a slope are investigated by Large Eddy Simulations. The angle between the bottom boundary and the horizontal direction, θ, and the aspect ratio of the initial volume of dense fluid in the lock, R, are varied. The mean flow is analysed and both density and velocity fields reveal the presence of a backward flow close to the bottom of the domain directed to the lock region. The intensity of the backward flow is discussed in terms of both streamwise velocity component and negative flow discharge. The analysis of the friction velocity at the bottom is also presented, showing the role of the tail region of gravity currents propagating up a slope in sediment transport. Turbulent structures developing in the near-wall region and the budget of the turbulent kinetic energy are analysed in order to investigate the regions of the gravity current in which turbulence is more pronounced. The analysis shows that at the beginning of the process, turbulent quantities have a stronger intensity especially in the areas where Kelvin–Helmholtz billows develop. When these structures lose their coherence, three-dimensional features of the flow appear more evident and the turbulence intensity decreases, still remaining active in the head of the gravity current, at the interface between the two fluids.
Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a highly prevalent condition associated with increased caries experience, dental pain and treatment need. Aim of this study was to determine the prevalence ...and severity of MIH in a group of 7-8 years old primary school children living in Rome, Italy; and to assess the association with caries experience and possible perinatal risk factors. A survey has been conducted in the city of Rome, between April 2019 and March 2020 with a total of 49 primary schools and 176 2nd grade primary school classes and a total of 3611 children being involved. Of these, a subset of 346 children of 21 primary schools was selected for the epidemiological investigation. The prevalence of MIH was of 18.2%, with girls showing twice the probability of being subject to a mild-severe condition. Molar location was present in 71.4%, while location on both molar plus incisor was present in 28.6% of cases. The mean DMFT was 0.44 ± 0.78, "D" was 0.17 ± 0.58; the mean dmft was 1.7 ± 2.56, "d" was 1.32 ± 2.21. Female gender, caries experience, insufficient oral hygiene were risk factors. The incidence of MIH is increasing in the pediatric population. Knowledge about diagnosis and treatment options should be disseminated among dental professionals.
Lattice Boltzmann simulations of gravity currents Ottolenghi, L.; Prestininzi, P.; Montessori, A. ...
European journal of mechanics, B, Fluids,
January-February 2018, 2018-01-00, Letnik:
67
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper is aimed at assessing the ability of the Lattice-Boltzmann Method (LBM) in reproducing the fundamental features of lock-exchange gravity currents. Both two- and three-dimensional numerical ...simulations are presented at different Reynolds numbers (1000≤Re≤30,000). Turbulence has been accounted for by implementing an equivalent Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model in the LBM framework. The advancement of the front position and the front velocity obtained by LBM numerical simulations are compared with laboratory experiments appositely performed with similar initial and boundary conditions and with previous results from literature, revealing that the dynamics of the gravity current as a whole is correctly reproduced. Lobes and clefts instabilities arising in three-dimensional simulations and the entrainment parameter are also analysed and comparisons with previous studies are presented.
•The LBM formulation is used to reproduce the dynamics of unsteady gravity currents.•Different Reynolds numbers are tested.•Laboratory experiments are used as benchmark for the numerical simulations.•3-D simulations show a better agreement with the experiments than 2-D simulations.•The fundamental features of the flow are correctly simulated by the LBM formulation.
(1) Background: In Italy, about one fourth of all schoolchildren experience a trauma to the permanent dentition. Management of avulsion trauma is challenging and requires adherence to clinical ...protocols. The aim of this study was to investigate the management knowledge of avulsed teeth among Italian dentists and to promote the guidelines' dissemination through the use of new social media. (2) Methods: The survey was carried out during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy (March-May 2020). The questionnaire was sent anonymously to a total of 600 dentists. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. Part A-demographic and professional data and Part B-management of traumatic avulsion. (3) Results: The response rate was 50.6% and the mean fraction of correct responses was 0.524. Issues related to the therapeutic management of avulsed teeth were shown to be not well understood by the respondents. Professionals with qualifications in dentistry and those who declared to know the guidelines responded better, while other demographic and professional factors were insignificant. (4) Conclusions: Italian dentists' knowledge of the management of avulsion trauma should be improved. Educational programs and campaigns must be undertaken to improve their awareness and adherence to the Italian and international guidelines.
MRONJ (medication related osteonecrosis of the jaws) is a well-known side effect of certain drugs, which are used to influence bone metabolism for the cure of osteo-metabolic or cancer diseases. The ...aim of this study is to assess the quality of life (QOL) under a physical and mental point of view in patients affected by MRONJ compared with the general population.
The study has been accomplished through the administration of the SF-12 questionnaire: 30 patients of the MRONJ group were evaluated.
Significant differences based on the level of education and age of the subjects, on the location and finally on the stage of necrosis of the jaw have been identified. In this pilot study the test sample shows how MRONJ can aggravate the conditions of patients, above all under a physical point of view.
Prevention of MRONJ and its symptoms as dysphagia, oral pain, immunological compromission and the need of frequent antibiotic therapies is a crucial part of modern oral pathology and dentistry, above all for oncologic patients who already have a general decrease of physical and mental activities, leading to a poor quality of life.
The increasing incidence of head and neck cancer (HNSCC) highlights the need to better understand the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of these cancers. The aims of this study ...were to conduct a systematic review and a meta‐analysis concerning observational studies on the association between HPV infection and HNSCC and to quantify this association, thereby obtaining a reliable estimation of the risk of HPV infection in the development of head and neck cancer. Literature searches were performed using PubMed and Scopus databases. StatsDirect 2.7.8 program was used for the analysis. We found 15 case–control studies, 63 prevalence studies, and no cohort studies. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for all the included case–control studies resulted in a value of 1.63 (95% CI 1.27–2.09; P < 0.0001). The highest pooled OR resulted from the analysis of all the studies that examined HPV 16 genotype in association oral cavity (OR 5.36; 95% CI 1.4–20). The strong evidence of association between HPV infection and HNSCC highlights the importance of the introduction of specific tests in the cancer prevention practices to evaluate the presence of the virus, especially in the oral cavity, and the possibility of an extension of the vaccine anti‐HPV in the male population too.
Plant-based diets are associated with a lower: (i) body mass index, (ii) rates of death from ischemic heart disease, (iii) serum cholesterol, (iv) incidence of high blood pressure, (v) type II ...diabetes mellitus and cancer, with an overall longer life expectancy. However, little data concerning the oral health in individuals on a plant-based diet are available.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the general and clinical oral health status in a cohort of adults who had been following a plant-based diet for a minimum of 24 months.
For this purpose, individuals were administered two questionnaires (a.Questionnaire investigating risk areas for oral diseases; b. Italian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile -14 (IOHIP-14)) by a dental hygienist and clinical examination of the oral cavity was carried out.
Seventy-seven adult individuals were enrolled. On average, they followed a plant-based diet for the last four years, had four meals a day and brushed their teeth twice a day. Fruit was the most frequently consumed food at breakfast by 48 of the participants. Thirty-four responders did not drink beer or wine, 65 did not drink spirits, 57 avoided carbonated beverages and 62 (80.5%) did not consume any highly-sugared beverages. Different dental therapies in the previous three years were reported in 36 of the responders. Overall, answers "never and almost never" to the IOHIP-14 questionnaire were observed in 87% to 100% of the individuals. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that fresh fruit consumption at lunch had a protective effect against caries (p<0.05).
In conclusion, this study showed that individuals on a plant-based diet have good overall oral health conditions. These features are in agreement with the behavior of these subjects towards an overall healthy life style.
Gelli-Bianco law (Law no. 24/2017) intervenes both in order to divide healthcare liability between the healthcare professional and the facility in which he/she exercises and to incentivize the latter ...to adopt an organizational model suitable for managing the risk associated with the provision of any healthcare service, including the information for consent. In fact, the healthcare facility must guarantee clear, complete and adequate information on the specific case, which, therefore, cannot consist of standard forms to be signed by the patient, under penalty of a flawed consent to treatment and consequent healthcare liability in the event of an adverse event. The regulation mandates that safety must be guaranteed through proper prevention tools and health care risk management, in con-junction with the most effective use of structural, technological and organizational resources available. It further spells out the obligation of health care professionals to contribute to risk prevention while administering health care procedures. For this reason, the consent information constitutes a source of risk for the responsibility of the healthcare provider and the Facility and it must necessarily be managed. Risk Management is the management tool that can allow the healthcare facility to improve the quality and safety of the services provided, optimizing the risk of adverse events through proper moni-toring of the same. This paper will be published, following a special agreement, on the two journals "Igiene e Sanità Pubblica" and "La Clinica Tera-peutica", in Italian and in English, in order to increase the diffusion to a wider audience.
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