An analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from all four run periods of Super-Kamiokande optimized for sensitivity to the neutrino mass hierarchy is presented. Confidence intervals for Δm322, sin2θ23, ...sin2θ13 and δCP are presented for normal neutrino mass hierarchy and inverted neutrino mass hierarchy hypotheses, based on atmospheric neutrino data alone. Additional constraints from reactor data on θ13 and from published binned T2K data on muon neutrino disappearance and electron neutrino appearance are added to the atmospheric neutrino fit to give enhanced constraints on the above parameters. Over the range of parameters allowed at 90% confidence level, the normal mass hierarchy is favored by between 91.9% and 94.5% based on the combined Super-Kamiokande plus T2K result.
Supernova detection is a major objective of the Super-Kamiokande (SK) experiment. In the next stage of SK (SK-Gd), gadolinium (Gd) sulfate will be added to the detector, which will improve the ...ability of the detector to identify neutrons. A core-collapse supernova (CCSN) will be preceded by an increasing flux of neutrinos and antineutrinos, from thermal and weak nuclear processes in the star, over a timescale of hours; some of which may be detected at SK-Gd. This could provide an early warning of an imminent CCSN, hours earlier than the detection of the neutrinos from core collapse. Electron antineutrino detection will rely on inverse beta decay events below the usual analysis energy threshold of SK, so Gd loading is vital to reduce backgrounds while maximizing detection efficiency. Assuming normal neutrino mass ordering, more than 200 events could be detected in the final 12 hr before core collapse for a 15-25 solar mass star at around 200 pc, which is representative of the nearest red supergiant to Earth, -Ori (Betelgeuse). At a statistical false alarm rate of 1 per century, detection could be up to 10 hr before core collapse, and a pre-supernova star could be detected by SK-Gd up to 600 pc away. A pre-supernova alert could be provided to the astrophysics community following gadolinium loading.
•Ge doped GaSe crystal was successfully grown by liquid phase growth.•Carrier concentration of GaSe was reduced by doping of Ge.•Lattice constant of GaSe was increased with increase of doping Ge ...amount.
In order to improve conversion efficiency of THz wave generation, Germanium (Ge)-doped gallium selenide (GaSe) single crystals have been grown by Temperature Difference Method under Controlled Vapor Pressure (TDM-CVP). In this article, electrical property and lattice constant of Ge doped GaSe (GaSe:Ge) crystal are compared with that of not-intentionally doped GaSe crystal. Compared with non-doped GaSe crystal, carrier concentration p was decreased by Ge-doping (not-intentionally doped GaSe p=3.2×1015cm−3 at 255K, GaSe:Ge p=4.9×1014cm−3 at 255K). In addition, it has been confirmed that lattice constant of GaSe crystal increased with doping Ge concentration increased.
Microdosing studies are effective in enabling the early identification of the pharmacokinetic properties of compounds administered to humans. However, the nonlinearity of the pharmacokinetics between ...microdose and therapeutic dose, attributable to the saturation of metabolic enzymes and transporters, is a major concern. Verapamil and quinidine are good substrates of both the multidrug resistance 1 transporter (MDR1) and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 enzyme (CYP3A4). We investigated their dose‐dependent pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Four different doses of verapamil or quinidine were administered orally to each subject, and the plasma concentrations of the parent drugs and their major metabolites were measured. The dose‐normalized area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) values of quinidine and verapamil increased in a dose‐dependent manner and were 2.6‐ and 2.3‐fold higher, respectively, at the therapeutic dose than at microdose. These results suggest that the nonlinear pharmacokinetics of these drugs is caused mainly by the saturation of MDR1 and/or CYP3A4 in the small intestine.
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2011) 90 2, 263–270. doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.108
Summary
Background Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), a chronic autoimmune subepithelial blistering disease, is associated with circulating IgG and/or IgA autoantibodies against several basement ...membrane zone antigens. The heterogeneity of clinical presentation and diversity of target autoantigens have contributed to difficulties in characterizing this condition immunologically.
Objectives To analyse serum autoantibody profile and HLA class II alleles in MMP patients and to correlate this with the clinical presentation of disease.
Methods Well‐defined subgroups consisting of 124 patients with MMP were examined for IgG and IgA reactivity with immunoblotting using human epidermal, dermal and placental amnion proteins. The results were further analysed on the basis of detailed clinical (sites of involvement and disease severity) and immunopathological criteria (immunofluorescence study and HLA class II alleles).
Results Immunoblot assay revealed that the majority of MMP patients had IgG (93 of 124, 75%) and/or IgA autoantibodies (63 of 124, 51%) to BP180 (including its soluble ectodomains, 120‐kDa LAD‐1 and 97‐kDa LABD97 antigens). Other antigens targeted predominantly by IgG autoantibodies included: BP230 in 34 (27%), β4 integrin in 26 (21%), and laminin 5 in three (2%). All the BP230+ sera and 23 (88%) β4 integrin+ sera also reacted with at least one of the BP180 antigens. Over 85% of patients with reactivity to β4 integrin had ocular involvement. In most cases of MMP, more severe clinical features were associated with antibody reactivity to multiple basement membrane zone antigens, as well as reactivity to multiple BP180 component antigens. Dual BP180/LAD‐1 reactivity with IgG and IgA was associated with a more severe phenotype. In addition, the subset‐dependent autoantibody reactivity correlated well with specific HLA class II alleles, DQB1*0301, DRB1*04 and DRB1*11.
Conclusions Our results confirmed that BP180 is a major autoantigen targeted by the sera of patients with MMP. The disease‐prevalent HLA class II alleles and humoral autoimmune response against the particular subsets of antigenic epitope(s) within BP180 ectodomain may contribute to the clinicopathological significance and disease severity of MMP.
•GaSe1−xTex mixed crystals were successfully grown by liquid phase growth.•The red shift in the band to band PL was observed as the amount of Te in the crystal increased.•XRD results showed the ...lattice constants of the grown crystals to have a linear dependence on Te composition.
GaSe crystal is one of a group of nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals expected to be utilized as a highly efficient generators of terahertz waves. However, GaSe has some drawbacks that limit it from further application. Firstly, it has poor crystallinity and, secondly, the layers are prone to exfoliation. In this work, crystal growth was carried out at a constant low temperature under a controlled Se vapor pressure to improve the crystallinity. In addition, Te was added in order to grow mixed crystals to improve the bonding forces between the layers. X-ray fluorescence was used to measure the Te composition in the grown crystals. Red shifts of the excitation peaks were found from photoluminescence with increasing Te composition, indicating that mixed crystals were successfully grown. The lattice constant, c, was calculated from the results of X-ray diffraction and was shown to have an almost linear dependence on Te composition.
We calculate defect-oriented Raman intensity (D-band) of nanographite as a function of crystallite size and excitation laser energy. The calculated results are compared with experimental results. ...This problem was an opened question for more than 20 years and this is the first answer.
The Raman intensity of the disorder-induced D-band in graphitic materials is calculated as a function of the in-plane size of the graphite nanoparticles (
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a) and as a function of the excitation laser energy. Matrix elements associated with the double resonance Raman processes, i.e., electron–photon, electron–phonon and electron–defect processes are calculated based on the tight binding method. The electron–defect interaction is calculated by considering the elastic scattering at the armchair edge of graphite, adopting a nanographite flake whose width is
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a. We compare the calculated results with the experimental results obtained from the spectra for different laser lines and
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a.
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