•Best-performing chl-a spectral indices were identified for different aquatic ecosystems.•Machine learning models outperformed traditional linear models.•Atmospheric correction model performance was ...defined for different aquatic ecosystems.•Studies on water bodies covering less than 0.1 km2 were absent in the literature.•Field sampling methodology details were predominantly overlooked in the literature.
The fundamental role of water for life and the threats to water bodies around the world have highlighted the need for their conservation. Remote sensing is a tool that allows us to monitor water bodies in a rapid, systematic, accurate and economical way, being complementary to traditional field sampling methods. The main aim of this review is to synthesise the use of the Sentinel-2 satellite for chlorophyll-a monitoring, an indicator of the trophic state of aquatic ecosystems, and assess the role of each parameter on chlorophyll-a retrieval. To this end, indices, models, atmospheric corrections and field sampling details used so far in chlorophyll-a monitoring of aquatic ecosystems using Sentinel-2 imagery were analysed. Sentinel-2 was chosen because it has suitable features for monitoring water bodies (spatial, temporal and spectral resolution), despite not having been specifically designed for that purpose. The indices aphy(B4)/a*phy(B4), B7(1/B4-1/B5), B5-(B6 + B4)/2 and B3/B4 performed best in lakes and B2 + B3 + B4 + B5, B3/B6 and (B5-B4)/(B5 + B4) in reservoirs. The atmospheric correction ELM performed worse than Sen2Cor and ATCOR in lakes. In reservoirs, ATCOR performed best and C2XC and Dark Object Subtraction performed worse. Finally, classical machine learning and deep learning models outperformed traditional linear and non-linear models. An integrated vision of remote sensing with Ecology could improve some weaknesses found in the reviewed articles, such as the lack of methodological details in field sampling or knowledge of the dynamics and functioning of the ecosystem to achieve the most optimal sampling of the system. By doing so the field of remote sensing would have a higher aplicability. Some further investigations are needed on small water bodies (area < 0.1 km2), which have been scarcely studied by remote sensing, although accounting for >90% of the water bodies worldwide.
•There are differences in sensitivities between ΔL′, ΔC′, ΔH′ for human gingiva.•Lightness and chroma gingiva mismatches are more difficult to be accepted than hue.•PT and AT should be used for ...natural gingiva and pink gingival materials evaluation.•PT and AT should be used for the development of new pink gingival shade guides.
: To determine the visual 50:50% perceptibility and acceptability CIEDE2000 lightness, chroma and hue human gingiva thresholds.
: A psychophysical experiment based on visual assessments of simulated images of human gingiva on a calibrated display was performed. A 20-obsever panel (dentists and laypersons; n=10) evaluated three subsets of simulated human gingiva: lightness subset (|ΔL′/ΔE00|≥ 0.98); chroma subset (|ΔC′/ΔE00|≥ 0.98) and hue subset (|ΔH′/ΔE00|≥ 0.96) using ΔE00< 5 units. A Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) Fuzzy Approximation model was used as fitting procedure, and 50:50% perceptibility threshold (PT) and acceptability threshold (AT) were calculated. Data was statistically analyzed using t-test (p ≤ 0.05).
: The 50:50% PT were ΔL’ = 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39−1.09); ΔC’ = 1.10 (95% CI 0.57−1.46); ΔH’ = 2.40 (95% CI 1.66->3.85). The 50:50% AT were ΔL’ = 2.57 (95% CI 2.00−3.06); ΔC’ = 2.70 (95% CI 2.19−3.38). AT ΔH’ may be considered no computable. PT values were statistically significant among the three metric differences (p ≤ 0.05). No difference was found between observers for PT values.
: Statistically differences in perceptual limit were found among hue, lightness and chroma for human gingiva. Thus, the observers seem to show lower sensitivity for changes in hue (ΔH′) than in chroma (ΔC′) and in lightness (ΔL′) in the gingiva color space.
: PT and AT for lightness, chroma and hue specific for human gingiva should be used when evaluating natural gingiva, pink gingival shade guides or pink materials, since the thresholds of perception and acceptability for teeth are not suitable.
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a specialized secretion apparatus that is commonly used by many plant and animal pathogenic bacteria to deliver proteins, termed effectors, to the interior of ...the host cells. These effectors suppress host defenses and interfere with signal transduction pathways to promote infection. Some rhizobial strains possess a functional T3SS, which is involved in the suppression of host defense responses, host range determination, and symbiotic efficiency. The analysis of the genome of the broad-host-range rhizobial strain
HH103 identified eight genes that code for putative T3SS effectors. Three of these effectors, NopL, NopP, and NopI, are
specific. In this work, we demonstrate that NopI, whose amino acid sequence shows a certain similarity with NopP, is secreted through the
HH103 T3SS in response to flavonoids. We also determined that NopL can be considered an effector since it is directly secreted to the interior of the host cell as demonstrated by adenylate cyclase assays. Finally, the symbiotic phenotype of single, double, and triple
,
, and
mutants in soybean and cowpea was assayed, showing that NopI plays an important role in determining the number of nodules formed in both legumes and that the absence of both NopL and NopP is highly detrimental for symbiosis.
The paper is focused on three
-specific T3SS effectors of
HH103, NopL, NopP, and NopI. We demonstrate that
HH103 is able to secrete through the T3SS in response to flavonoids the nodulation outer protein NopI. Additionally, we determined that NopL can be considered an effector since it is secreted to the interior of the host cell as demonstrated by adenylate cyclase assays. Finally, nodulation assays of soybean and cowpea indicated that NopI is important for the determination of the number of nodules formed and that the absence of both NopL and NopP negatively affected nodulation.
Objective
To evaluate the effect of layering strategy and substrate color on the masking ability of resin composites.
Materials and Methods
A1‐shaded specimens from Charisma Diamond and Filtek Z350XT ...were produced using different layering strategies. Color measurements were made by a reflectance spectrophotometer over A2, C2, A3.5, C3, C4 substrates. Color differences were calculated and interpreted by the 50%:50% perceptibility and acceptability visual thresholds. Data was analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn post hoc test. Chi‐square test was used to determine the association between masking ability, and independent variables.
Results
Color differences were significantly lower on A2 and C2 in comparison with C4 for the majority of the layering strategies. Acceptable matches were observed on most of the combinations over A2. Moderately unacceptable mismatches were observed in most of the combinations over C2 and A3.5. Clearly unacceptable mismatches were observed on the C3 and C4. The ΔE00 color shifts were predominantly influenced by ΔL00 for all layering strategies and substrate colors.
Conclusion
Masking ability was affected by the layering strategy and substrate color. Acceptable masking was associated with A2 and C2, and with layering strategy composed of 0.5 mm enamel opacity and 1.0 mm dentin opacity thicknesses, using the Filtek Z350XT.
Clinical Significance
Resin composites—shade A1—applied by different layering strategies with a final thickness of 1.5 mm were able to mask mild and moderately discolored substrates. Severely discolored substrates were not masked effectively.
Lithography-based additively manufactured (AM) zirconia has been used to fabricate dental implants and custom barriers for guided bone regeneration procedures. However, studies on the effect of AM ...zirconia on the biological properties of human osteoblasts are lacking.
The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the effect of milled and lithography-based AM zirconia on the biological properties of normal human osteoblasts (NHOsts), as well as to compare the chemical composition between the milled and lithography-based AM 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP) zirconia.
Three mol percentage yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal disks (Ø6×2-mm) were fabricated using subtractive milling (Priti multidisc ZrO2 monochrome) (M group) and lithography-based additive manufacturing methods (LithaCon 3Y 210) (AM group) (n=10). NHOsts were exposed to different material extracts (1:1, 1:2, and 1:4) and cytotoxicity, cell migration, cell morphology, and cell attachment biological tests were completed. Additionally, for morphological and chemical analysis, a scanning electronic microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) evaluation was completed. Data were analyzed by using 1-way ANOVA and the Dunnett test (α=.05).
Substantial cell attachment and spreading were observed in both material surfaces. The presence of zirconium was evident in both groups, although the percentage of zirconium in the AM group (64.7%) was slightly higher than in the M group (52.6%). When NHOsts were cultured in the presence of the different material eluates, the M and AM groups exhibited similar NHOst viability and migration rates when compared with untreated cells; no significant differences were found (P>.05).
The lithography-based AM zirconia tested showed adequate cytocompatibility without differences when compared with the milled zirconia (M group) specimens. Slight chemical element composition differences were found between milled and lithography-based AM zirconia.
Mediterranean woodlands and associated shrub formations of southern Iberia are key habitats for conservation of migratory birds. In some bird species, migratory and sedentary conspecifics meet in ...these areas during winter, but our understanding of how each population group is distributed over available habitats and the factors that determine their spatial organization are still unclear. This seriously limits our ability to assess their vulnerability to ongoing environmental changes affecting wintering habitats in this region. We used hydrogen isotopic signatures of feathers (δDf) to shed light on the habitat distribution of seasonally sympatric European Robin Erithacus rubecula populations wintering in Campo de Gibraltar that are currently facing a drastic decline. In contrast to previous studies that used morphological methods to distinguish the migratory behaviour of wintering Robins in this area, our isotopic approach revealed that sedentary Robins were not outcompeted upon the arrival of migrants and remained in the woodlands where they reproduce, which agrees with results obtained in other regions. Interestingly, we also found that migratory Robins with a closer breeding origin (higher δDf values) had a higher probability of occupying woodlands than did migrants coming from further away. Overall, our results suggest that the role of breeding origin in shaping the distribution of Robins during winter in Campo de Gibraltar is more relevant than the effects of sex, age or body size, which might facilitate the evolution of local adaptations for the exploitation of each habitat type.
Usually, dentin and enamel shades are layered in dental restorations with the purpose of mimicking the natural appearance of teeth. The main objective of this study was to develop and assess accuracy ...of a color-prediction method for both monolithic and layered dental resin-based composites with varying shades and under different illuminants. A total of 15 different shades of VITAPAN Excell, VITAPAN Dentine and VITA Physiodens as well as VITA Enamel of five different thicknesses (0.5-2.5 mm range) were used to manufacture monolithic and layered samples. A non-contact spectroradiometer with CIE 45∘/0∘ geometry was used to measure the color of all samples over a standard ceramic black background. Second-degree polynomial regression was used as predictive method for CIE-L*a*b* color coordinates. Performance of predictive models was tested using the CIEDE2000 total color difference formula (ΔE00), while accuracy was evaluated by comparative assessment of ΔE00 with corresponding 50:50% acceptability (AT00) and perceptibly (PT00) thresholds for dentistry. A mean color difference between measured (real) and predicted color of ΔE00=1.71, with 62.86% of the color differences below AT00 and 28.57% below PT00, was registered for monolithic samples. For bi-layered samples, the mean color difference was roughly ΔE00=0.50, with generally 100% and more than 85% of the estimations below AT00 and PT00, respectively. The predictive method allowed highly accurate color estimations for both monolithic and layered dental resin-based composites with varying thicknesses and under different illuminations. These results could be useful to maximize the clinical success of dental restorations.
Objectives
The COVID-19 pandemic constitutes a global mental health challenge that has disrupted the lives of millions of people, with a considerable effect on university students. The aim of this ...study was to assess the feasibility of a brief online Mindfulness and Compassion-based Intervention to promote mental health among first year university students during COVID-19 home confinement.
Methods
Participants (
n
=66) were first-year psychology students from a university in Spain with no prior meditation experience. Intervention lasted for 16 days and was designed ad-hoc. Using a pre–post within-subjects design, feasibility was assessed in five domains (acceptability, satisfaction, implementation, practicality, and limited efficacy testing). Participants completed both baseline and post-intervention assessments of perceived stress, anxiety, and self-compassion.
Results
The intervention showed to be feasible in all domains evaluated. It was implemented as planned with constrained resources, and limited efficacy testing showed promising results. After the intervention, stress and anxiety levels decreased significantly (
p
<0.001, Hedges’s g=0.5146;
p
<0.001, Hedges’s g=0.6068, respectively) whereas self-compassion levels were augmented significantly (
p
<0.001, Hedges’s g=0.6968).
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that a brief online mindfulness and compassion intervention may be a feasible way of promoting mental health among university students during COVID-19 lockdown. Further studies are required to address the limitations of the present study. We conclude that online interventions may constitute a promising pathway to buffer the mental health burden derived from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Layered composite resins may adequately mask discolored substrates. However, whether color changes that occur over time affect masking ability is unclear.
The purpose of this in vitro study was to ...investigate the effect of layering and water aging on the masking ability of 2 composite resins.
Disk specimens (1.5 mm-thick and shade A1) from Charisma Diamond (CD) and Filtek Z350XT (Z350) were made according to the composite resin shade combination used in the layering strategies: bilayer for CD (enamel/dentin) and for Z350 (enamel/body and enamel/dentin) and trilayer for Z350 (enamel/body/dentin) (n=5). Color measurements were obtained with a spectrophotometer over an A3.5 ceramic substrate, and the whiteness index for dentistry (WID) was calculated. The specimens were aged in water at 37 °C and evaluated at different times: 24 hours, 1 week, 1 month, 2 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months. CIEDE2000 color differences (ΔE00) and WID differences (ΔWID) were calculated and interpreted by 50:50% color and whiteness perceptibility and acceptability thresholds. Changes among strategies and aging times were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (α=.05). Contrasts were made using the Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction (α=.001).
ΔE00 decreased from 24 hours to 2 months of aging. From 2 months onwards, ΔE00 increased for all layering strategies and times, without significant changes in lightness for CD (P>.004). Overall, for the CD restorative system, an increase in ΔWID was observed after 1 month of aging (P<.001), while for the Z350 restorative system, ΔWID decreased after aging (P<.001), except for the Z350 bilayer strategy (enamel + dentin) at 1 week and 2 months (P>.004). For all layering strategies and aging times, color differences were higher than the 50:50% perceptibility threshold for ΔE00 and, after 6 months, higher than the 50:50% acceptability threshold for ΔE00 and the 50:50% whiteness acceptability threshold.
The ability of the tested composite resins to mask a discolored substrate was affected by the layering approach applied and by prolonged water aging.
The number of grandparents providing supplementary care for their grandchildren has increased in the past decades. When analyzing the relationship between the amount of care provided by grandparents ...and their health, there are mixed results. Some studies suggest that the effects on supplementary caregivers’ health appear to be mediated by the context of caregiving (e.g., personal resources, social context, etc) instead of by its intensity. However, little data has examined the relationship between care intensity and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) (a concept that goes beyond health status) and what protective factors may mediate between care provided by grandparents and HRQoL. Based on the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation (McCubbin,
1993
), we aimed to examine how the amount of care provided to grandchildren relates to grandparents’ mental and physical HRQoL and if social support and character strengths act as protective factors mediating this relationship. A sample of 300 grandparents from Spain participated in this study. We grouped participants by the type of supplementary care they were providing: regular or occasional. To test our hypotheses, we conducted path analysis. Character strengths and social support mediated the effect of the amount of care on grandparents’ mental HRQoL. Results also underlined the importance of character strengths as a mediator between the amount of care provided and grandparents’ physical HRQoL. This study highlights the importance of considering a positive orientation focused on protective factors (social support and character strengths) that may minimize the impact of the difficulties associated with grandparents’ caregiving.
Highlights
This study analyzed the impact of caregiving on grandparents based on The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation.
Regular caregivers did not show worse health-related quality of life scores than non-regular ones.
The impact of caregiving on grandparents’ mental and physical health was mediated positively by their character strengths.
Social support is a significant resource to cope with caregiving.
Researchers, professionals and policy makers should consider grandparents’ protective factors such as character strengths and social support.
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