Q0 determinations based on RF power measurements are subject to at least three potentially large systematic effects that have not been previously appreciated. Instrumental factors that can ...systematically bias RF based measurements of Q0 are quantified and steps that can be taken to improve the determination of Q0 are discussed.
Q0 determinations based on RF power measurements are subject to at least three potentially large systematic effects that have not been previously appreciated. Instrumental factors that can ...systematically bias RF based measurements of Q0 are quantified and steps that can be taken to improve the determination of Q0 are discussed.
Introduction.
Primary observation of children with (CU) in Russia is performed by pediatricians, dermatologists, and algologists. It is unclear how clinical guidelines are used in a heterogeneous ...group of specialists.
Materials and methods.
Online survey of pediatricians, allergists, and dermatologists (n = 304) in the Russian Federation using a questionnaire, from 5 blocks of questions related to etiology, diagnosis, and therapy. 316 physicians with a median experience of 10 5; 20 years were included in the questionnaire.
Results.
83.3 % of respondents observed no more than 2 children with CU per month. Self-education to expand knowledge (video lectures, special literature) was indicated by 72.6 % of participants. The clinical guidelines used by physicians were documents of pediatric and allergy associations of Russia (77.3 and 55.9 %, respectively), international guides were used by 27 % of respondents.
The most frequent deviations from the recommended algorithm were the prescription of biochemical blood tests (64.9 %), ultrasound examination of organs (56.9 %), consultations of specialists without indications: gastroenterologist (48.2 %), infectious disease specialist (31.8 %), rheumatologist (27.1 %). The autologous serum test in children is not used by 87.2 % of physicians for various reasons.
During allergy testing, respondents recommend: the concentration of total IgE in serum (63.9 %), the number of eosinophils in the blood (61.2 %). The importance of determining specific IgE was indicated by no more than one third of the respondents. Skin tests during remission period were supported by 59.1 % of all physicians, who considered allergologic examination to be necessary. Diet: 18.6 % of respondents do not recommend a special diet for children; 27.7 % exclude from the diet foods to which sensitization is detected, the rest recommend an nonspecific elimination diet.
Antihistamines of 2
nd
generation (AG II) are the most used in clinical practice (86.5 %). Physicians named cetirizine (25.7 %) and levocetirizine (19.7 %) as the drugs of choice up to 12 years of age. The need to double the dose of AG II in the absence of response to the standard dose was supported by 59.5 % of physicians. The other physicians preferred a change of AG II molecule in the standard dose. Experience with the use of omalizumab was reported by 20 % of specialists, with 76.3 % understanding the significance and willingness to use biologic therapy. If omalizumab is ineffective, 44.1 % of physicians consider glucocorticosteroids to be the drug of choice; 38.8 % — cyclosporine A. About one third of physicians use alternative therapies not considered in the clinical guidelines.
Conclusion.
A significant number of physicians do not use recommendations based on evidence-based studies in real practice. AG II are the basis of CU therapy in children in all age groups.
In the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment, muon detection in the forward direction is accomplished by cathode strip chambers (CSC). These detectors identify muons, provide a fast muon trigger, ...and give a precise measurement of the muon trajectory. There are 468 six-plane CSCs in the system. The efficiency of finding muon trigger primitives (muon track segments) was studied using 36 CMS CSCs and cosmic ray muons during the Magnet Test and Cosmic Challenge (MTCC) exercise conducted by the CMS experiment in 2006. In contrast to earlier studies that used muon beams to illuminate a very small chamber area (
<
0.01
m
2
), results presented in this paper were obtained by many installed CSCs operating in situ over an area of
≈
23
m
2
as a part of the CMS experiment. The efficiency of finding two-dimensional trigger primitives within six-layer chambers was found to be
99.93
±
0.03
%
. These segments, found by the CSC electronics within 800
ns after the passing of a muon through the chambers, are the input information for the Level-1 muon trigger and, also, are a necessary condition for chambers to be read out by the Data Acquisition System.
In support of the development of a large-aperture superconducting quadrupole for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) luminosity upgrade, two-layer quadrupole models (TQC and TQS) with 90 mm aperture are ...being constructed at Fermilab and LBNL within the framework of the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP). This paper describes the construction and test of model TQC01. ANSYS calculations of the structure are compared with measurements during construction. Fabrication experience is described and in-process measurements are reported. Test results at 4.5 K are presented, including magnet training, current ramp rate studies and magnet quench current. Results of magnetic measurements at helium temperature are also presented.
Aging tests of full-scale CMS muon cathode strip chambers Acosta, D.; Apollinari, G.; Arisaka, K. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
12/2003, Letnik:
515, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Two CMS production Cathode Strip Chambers were tested for aging effects in a high-radiation environment at the Gamma Irradiation Facility at CERN. The chambers were irradiated over a large area: in ...total, about 2.1
m
2 or 700
m of wire in each chamber. The 40% Ar+50% CO
2+10% CF
4 gas mixture was provided by an open-loop gas system for one of the chambers and by a closed-loop re-circulating gas system for the other. After an accumulation of 0.3–0.4
C/cm of a wire, equivalent to about 30–50 years of operation at peak LHC luminosity, no significant changes in gas gain, chamber efficiency and wire signal noise were observed for either of the two chambers. The only consistent signs of aging were a small increase in dark current from ∼2 to ∼10
nA per plane of 600 wires and a decrease of strip-to-strip resistance from 1000 to 10–100
GΩ. Disassembly of the chambers revealed deposits on the cathode planes, while the anode wires remained fairly clean.
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