For nearly 20 years, equal treatment of men and women in the labour
market has been enshrined in British law. This was due to the twin acts
supporting this: the Equal Pay Act and the Sex ...Discrimination Act. There
were amendments in 1983 to allow equal pay to be claimed in comparable,
rather than identical, jobs. By the 1990s, therefore, pay discrimination
against women ought to have become a thing of the past. Investigates
whether this is so, taking evidence on men and women in their early 30s
at two points during this period.
The main route of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is sexual contact. A high proportion of young adults is exposed to this mode of transmission. Therefore it is ...important to assess the level of HIV-1 prevalence among 18 year olds in Italy.
Available blood samples taken at the physical examination of the military draft visit in Tuscany, Italy, have been tested in an anonymous unlinked fashion for HIV-1 infection in 1990 and 1991.
In the 2 years, 4478 and 4959 men were tested, respectively, representing 91.7% of all subjects included in the draft lists. Prevalence of HIV-1 infection was 1.12 per 1000 (95%CI: 0.36-2.61 per 1000) in 1990 and 0.20 per 1000 (95% CI: 0.01-1.12) in 1991.
Prevalence of HIV-1 infection in the 18 year old male population in Tuscany is close to or below 1/1000. Evidence of the presence of HIV-1 infection in this population should prompt the implementation of adequate prevention programmes among adolescents.
Empirical work on the effects of trade union power on economic variables such as wages, employment, productivity, and technological and organizational change has been severely hampered by the ...problems associated with quantifying union power, which is, by its nature, unobservable. Typically proxy variables have been used. of the proxies used, however, captures the full spectrum of factors that result in power differentials across unions and workplaces. This paper proposes an entirely different approach, which involves treating union power explicitly as a 'latent' variable. The model is estimated on British workplace-level data for 1984. Copyright 1993 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
This thesis revolves around the planning problems and issues related to railway system capacity expansion in Western Canada during the 1980s. Since the late 1970s, Canada's two national railways--CN ...Rail and CP Rail, have implemented long range investment plans to increase the productive capacity of their respective rail networks in the West. The overall objective of this study is to provide a detailed overview showing why these efforts developed, how they proceeded, what their impacts were, and what the rationale behind them was. To develop the background necessary to utilize this approach, the thesis conducts a review of the theoretical literature dealing with the economics of railway capacity planning. This review identifies the key factors, elements, and structure related to the railway capacity planning process. The economic and physical interrelationships existing between the factors that impact upon capacity are also discussed at length. From the theoretical discussion, this study develops an economic approach to outline some important aspects regarding the Western capacity expansion programs of both railways. This study looks at the state of the Western railway network during the 1970s, and identifies a number of relevant issues that impacted upon railway planning. The planning elements of both railways are examined in detail to determine their impact upon network capacity and the economics of the carrier. The study then assesses the rationale of these plans from an economic planning approach. This study found that the railways were reluctant to make long range investment plans to expand capacity when uncertainty existed as to the plans' future economic viability. The existence of the statutory Crow rates for grain, because of their adverse effects upon the economic viability of the railways, impeded the long range planning efforts of CN and CP for many years. The thesis found that when both CN and CP did lay out their Western capacity expansion programs, it was done in a series of logical steps. The first options to be executed were those that cost the least and could be implemented in the short-run. The last options to be taken were extremely costly and only took effect over the long-run...
Spinal and cortical SEP responses were recorded during tibial and median nerve stimulation in 58 HIV+ subjects (8 IV/C1, 24 IV/C2 & IV/A, 11 III and 15 II), all asymptomatic from a neurological point ...of view. The electrophysiological features were compared with clinical assessment and serum HIV markers for purposes of prognosis and therapy. In group IV we observed a slowing of conduction along the afferent pathway in the spinal tracts and afferent ways to the cortex. The major part of the delay occurred in the mid and lower medullary tract. These results agree with neuropathological finding from post-mortem examination in AIDS pts.
Phys. Rev. B 74, 205108 (2006) We study the isotope effects arising from the coupling of correlated
electrons with dispersionless phonons by considering the Hubbard-Holstein model
at half-filling ...within the dynamical mean-field theory. In particular we
calculate the isotope effects on the quasi-particle spectral weight $Z$, the
renormalized phonon frequency, and the static charge and spin susceptibilities.
In the weakly correlated regime $U/t \lesssim 1.5$, where $U$ is the Hubbard
repulsion and $t$ is the bare electron half-bandwidth, the physical properties
are qualitatively similar to those characterizing the Holstein model in the
absence of Coulomb repulsion, where the bipolaronic binding takes place at
large electron-phonon coupling, and it reflects in divergent isotope responses.
On the contrary in the strongly correlated regime $U/t \gtrsim 1.5$, where the
bipolaronic metal-insulator transition becomes of first order, the isotope
effects are bounded, suggesting that the first order transition is likely
driven by an electronic mechanism, rather then by a lattice instability. These
results point out how the isotope responses are extremely sensitive to phase
boundaries and they may be used to characterize the competition between the
electron-phonon coupling and the Hubbard repulsion.
Assessing the effective relevance of multiband effects in the fullerides is
of fundamental importance to understand the complex superconducting and
transport properties of these compounds. In this ...paper we investigate in
particular the role of the multiband effects on the electron-phonon (el-ph)
properties of the $t_{1u}$ bands coupled with the Jahn-Teller intra-molecular
$H_g$ vibrational modes in the C$_{60}$ compounds. We show that, assuming
perfect degeneracy of the electronic bands, vertex diagrams arising from the
breakdown of the adiabatic hypothesis, are one order of magnitude smaller than
the non-crossing terms usually retained in the Migdal-Eliashberg (ME) theory.
These results permit to understand the robustness on ME theory found by
numerical calculations. The effects of the non degeneracy of the $t_{1u}$ in
realistic systems are also analyzed. Using a tight-binding model we show that
the el-ph interaction is mainly dominated by interband scattering within a
single electronic band. Our results question the reliability of a degenerate
band modeling and show the importance of these combined effects in the
$A_3$C$_{60}$ family.
The Author refers about some research carried out during 1955 and 1956 on the flower biological behaviour and pollination requirement of the carrot in view to improve the methods of the commercial ...seed production. The results have shown the tested carrot cultivars as self- and inter-compatible and cross-compatible with some other botanical varieties of Daucus Carota L. (wild carrots). The pollination of the carrots is largely carried out by bees. These results suggest that cross-pollination is the main reason of the carrot cultivars degeneration. Therefore, to obtain genuine seeds, it is necessary to breed the mother-plants of each cultivar in different far off fields and to keep away all the plants belonging to different strains or other botanical variety.
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