Purpose: Mental illness (MI) stigma is a significant barrier to seeking mental health treatment. Whether these stigma-related attitudes are distributed evenly across race, ethnicity, and gender in ...adolescent populations is unknown. Understanding these patterns early in the life course can help identify specific cultural considerations when planning and implementing public anti-stigma efforts. Furthermore, it may help reduce disparities in treatment. The current study examines race, ethnicity, and gender differences in MI-stigma longitudinally among adolescents. Methods: An ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample (N=319) from Texas (2011-2015) completed self-administered surveys in sixth- and eighth-grade that assessed MI-stigma. Participants also responded to similar questions about adolescent vignette characters described as having bipolar (Julia) and social anxiety (David) disorder. Linear regression models adjusting for personal and family characteristics examined race, ethnic, and gender differences in MI-stigma using an intersectional framework. Race, ethnicity, and gender were combined to generate composite identities (e.g., Latino boys or non-Latino black girls). Outcomes examined included: 1) knowledge/positive attitudes; 2) awareness/action; 3) social distance from peers with MI; and 4) avoidance/discomfort of persons with MI. Similar vignette-based outcomes were examined including if Julia/ David is a bad person, if their condition would improve with treatment, and desired social distance from the character. Multiple comparison tests between race, ethnicity, and gender composite variables showed all significant differences across groups occurred with non-Latina white girls as the referent. Results: In sixth-grade, non-Latino black boys and Latina girls reported less MI-related knowledge/positive attitudes and awareness/ action compared to non-Latina white girls. While Latino boys reported significantly greater avoidance/discomfort compared to non-Latina white girls, non-Latino black boys and Latina girls desired more social distance from people with MI. These patterns persisted in eighth-grade, though only significant among Latino boys compared to non-Latina white girls for the avoidance/discomfort outcome. For the vignette-based outcomes in sixth-grade, non-Latino black boys compared to non-Latina white girls were more likely to believe each character was a bad person. Compared to non-Latina white girls, non-Latino black boys and Latino boys and girls reported significantly greater social distance from Julia, and non-Latino black boys and Latina girls reported significantly greater social distance from David. Further, although non-Latino white boys compared to their female counterparts were more likely to believe Julia would improve with treatment, they reported greater social distance from Julia. The patterns for the Julia character persisted in eighth-grade: non-Latino black boys were more likely to believe Julia was a bad person and would not improve with treatment, whereas Latino boys reported greater social distance towards Julia compared to non-Latina white girls. In eighth-grade, there were no differences between non-Latino white boys and girls in their belief that Julia's condition would improve with treatment. Conclusions: Race, ethnic, and gender differences in MI-stigma emerge in preadolescence and persist two years later, particularly for non-Latino black boys and Latina/o adolescents. These differences may contribute to variation in mental healthcare utilization later on. Tailoring interventions to address stigma differences across these intersections is required for reducing stigma in the population and improving treatment utilization among underserved adolescents.
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (polychlorinated-C10−C13-n-alkanes) were measured in Lake Ontario sediments collected during a lake-wide survey to characterize spatial and temporal trends in ...contamination. The Lake Ontario average SCCP sediment concentration was 49 ng/g (dry wt), which was somewhat higher than the lake-wide average for ΣDDT (32 ng/g). Individual stations in each of the depositional basins exhibited the highest concentrations, ranging from 147 ng/g (dry wt) to 410 ng/g at an index station in the Niagara (western) basin. Relative average contributions of the carbon chain groups to total SCCPs on a lake-wide basis were as follows: ΣC10 = 24%, ΣC11 = 35%, ΣC12 = 34%, ΣC13 = 6.6%. Assessment of core profiles and estimates of SCCP fluxes indicated that an area of the western end of Lake Ontario is heavily impacted (SCCP flux of 170 μg/m2 yr) and potentially influenced by local industrial sources of SCCPs. Maximum accumulation of SCCPs in this area of the western basin occurred in the mid-1970s. In contrast, SCCP concentrations in a core from a site in the central area of the lake (SCCP flux of 8.0 μg/m2 yr) were more similar to levels characteristic of remote locations primarily impacted by atmospheric sources.
Obesity is a major public health problem. Children of women who were obese before or during pregnancy are at increased risk for neurobehavioral developmental problems. Whether a maternal lifestyle ...intervention conducted before and during pregnancy in obese women affects child neurobehavioral development is unknown. This study reports on the follow‐up of a subsample of two randomized controlled trials, the Finnish RADIEL (n = 216) and Dutch LIFEstyle (n = 305) trial. Women with a pre‐pregnancy BMI ≥29 kg/m2 wishing to conceive or who were already pregnant (<20 weeks) were allocated to a lifestyle intervention or to care as usual. Child neurodevelopment was measured with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire and child behavioral problems were measured with the Childhood Behavior Checklist (RADIEL) or the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (LIFEstyle) at age 3‐6 years. We used linear and binary logistic regression analyses to assess the effects of the lifestyle interventions on children's neurobehavioral developmental scores. Follow‐up data was available from 161(38%) RADIEL and 96(32%) LIFEstyle children. Child neurodevelopmental scores did not differ significantly between children in the intervention and the control group (RADIEL:median = 275 vs. 280; LIFEstyle:median = 270 vs 267). Child behavioral problem scores did not differ significantly between children in the intervention and the control group (RADIEL:median = 22 vs. 21; LIFEstyle:median = 8 vs. 8). We did not observe considerable effects of the lifestyle interventions before or during pregnancy in obese women on child neurobehavioral development. With our sample sizes, we were not able to detect subtle differences in neurobehavioral development however.
Glucose concentrations within target, appropriate gestational weight gain, adequate lifestyle, and, if necessary, antihypertensive treatment and low-dose aspirin reduces the risk of pre-eclampsia, ...preterm delivery, and other adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes. Despite the increasing use of diabetes technology (ie, continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pumps), the target of more than 70% time in range in pregnancy (TIRp 3·5-7·8 mmol/L) is often reached only in the final weeks of pregnancy, which is too late for beneficial effects on pregnancy outcomes. Hybrid closed-loop (HCL) insulin delivery systems are emerging as promising treatment options in pregnancy. In this Review, we discuss the latest evidence on pre-pregnancy care, management of diabetes-related complications, lifestyle recommendations, gestational weight gain, antihypertensive treatment, aspirin prophylaxis, and the use of novel technologies for achieving and maintaining glycaemic targets during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes. In addition, the importance of effective clinical and psychosocial support for pregnant women with type 1 diabetes is also highlighted. We also discuss the contemporary studies examining HCL systems in type 1 diabetes during pregnancies.
The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria forms a robust permeability barrier that blocks entry of toxins and antibiotics. Most OM proteins (OMPs) assume a β-barrel fold, and some form ...aqueous channels for nutrient uptake and efflux of intracellular toxins. The Bam machine catalyzes rapid folding and assembly of OMPs. Fidelity of OMP biogenesis ismonitored by the σE stress response. When OMP folding defects arise, the proteases DegS and RseP act sequentially to liberate σE into the cytosol, enabling it to activate transcription of the stress regulon. Here, we identify batimastat as a selective inhibitor of RseP that causes a lethal decrease in σE activity in Escherichia coli, and we further identify RseP mutants that are insensitive to inhibition and confer resistance. Remarkably, batimastat treatment allows the capture of elusive intermediates in the OMP biogenesis pathway and offers opportunities to better understand the underlying basis for σE essentiality.
Stereo data collected by the HiRes experiment over a six year period are examined for large-scale anisotropy related to the inhomogeneous distribution of matter in the nearby Universe. We consider ...the generic case of small cosmic-ray deflections and a large number of sources tracing the matter distribution. In this matter tracer model the expected cosmic ray flux depends essentially on a single free parameter, the typical deflection angle theta. We find that the HiRes data with threshold energies of 40 EeV and 57 EeV are incompatible with the matter tracer model at a 95% confidence level unless theta is larger than 10 degrees and are compatible with an isotropic flux. The data set above 10 EeV is compatible with both the matter tracer model and an isotropic flux.
We show that matrices carrying the tethered homologs of natural phosphoinositides can be used to capture and display multiple phosphoinositide binding proteins in cell and tissue extracts. We present ...the mass spectrometric identification of over 20 proteins isolated by this method, mostly from leukocyte extracts: they include known and novel proteins with established phosphoinositide binding domains and also known proteins with surprising and unusual phosphoinositide binding properties. One of the novel PtdIns(3,4,5)
P
3 binding proteins, ARAP3, has an unusual domain structure, including five predicted PH domains. We show that it is a specific PtdIns(3,4,5)
P
3/PtdIns(3,4)
P
2-stimulated Arf6 GAP both in vitro and in vivo, and both its Arf GAP and Rho GAP domains cooperate in mediating PI3K-dependent rearrangements in the cell cytoskeleton and cell shape.
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