To evaluate the performance of the Prostate Health Index (PHI) in magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasound (MRI-TRUS) fusion prostate biopsy for the detection of clinically significant ...prostate cancer (csPCa). We prospectively enrolled 164 patients with at least one Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADS v2) ≥ 3 lesions who underwent MRI-TRUS fusion prostate biopsy. Of the PSA-derived biomarkers, the PHI had the best performance in predicting csPCa (AUC 0.792, CI 0.707-0.877) in patients with PI-RADS 4/5 lesions. Furthermore, the predictive power of PHI was even higher in the patients with PI-RADS 3 lesions (AUC 0.884, CI 0.792-0.976). To minimize missing csPCa, we used a PHI cutoff of 27 and 7.4% of patients with PI-RADS 4/5 lesions could have avoided a biopsy. At this level, 2.0% of cases with csPCa would have been missed, with sensitivity and NPV rates of 98.0% and 87.5%, respectively. However, the subgroup of PI-RADS 3 was too small to define the optimal PHI cutoff. PHI was the best PSA-derived biomarker to predict csPCa in MRI-TRUS fusion prostate biopsies in men with PI-RADS ≥ 3 lesions, especially for the patients with PI-RADS 3 lesions who gained the most value.
The design and decoration of plasmonic metal hybrid photoanodes provide an effective strategy for highly efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. In this work, an Au nanoparticle (NP) ...decorated highly ordered ZnO/CdS nanotube arrays (ZnO/CdS/Au NTAs) photoanode has been rationally designed and successfully synthesized. By virtue of the favorable band alignment and specific nanotube structure of ZnO/CdS as well as the surface plasmonic effect of Au NPs, the ZnO/CdS/Au NTAs photoanode shows significantly enhanced PEC performance as compared to the ZnO/CdS/Au and ZnO/CdS nanorod arrays (NRAs). Impressively, the optimized ZnO/CdS/Au NTAs photoanode exhibits the highest photocurrent density of 21.53 mA/cm2 at 1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl and 3.45% photoconversion efficiency (PCE) among the parallel photoanodes under visible light illumination (λ > 420 nm).
Single-atom catalysts have exhibited great potential in the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to C2 products, but generation of gaseous multi-carbon hydrocarbon products is still challenging. ...Previously, supports of a single atom consist of multiple elements, making C–C coupling difficult because the coordination environment of single-atom sites is diversified and difficult to control. Here, we steer C–C coupling by implanting an Au single atom on the red phosphorus (Au1/RP), support with uniform structure composed of a single element, lower electronegativity, and better ability to absorb CO2. The electron-rich phosphorus atoms near the Au single atoms can function as active sites for CO2 activation. The Au single atom can effectively reduce the energy barrier of C–C coupling, boosting the reaction kinetics of the formation of C2H6. Notably, the C2H6 selectivity and turnover frequency of Au1/RP reach 96% and 7.39 h–1 without a sacrificial agent, respectively, which almost represents the best photocatalyst for C2 chemical synthesis to date. This research will provide new ideas for the design of high-efficiency photocatalysts for CO2 conversion to C2 products.
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•The adsorption and flotation behaviors of CGFS with Naphthenic Acids were explored.•Quantitative evaluation of impacts of collector and frother dosages by mathematical formula.•Ash ...product with 97 ash content can be produced by composite collectors.•Simulate the adhesion process of particles and bubbles.
The impact of the collector and frother dosages on the separation of carbon and ash in coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) based on flotation using kerosene and compound collectors consisting of naphthenic acids and kerosene mixed at different ratios is investigated in this study. The physical properties of the original sample of CGFS, the residual carbon, and the ash material were investigated to characterize the differences in pore structure composition and element distribution among them, thereby illuminating the basis for flotation-based separation of residual carbon and ash material and the cause of the large reagent consumption. Furthermore, the mechanisms of interactions between CGFS particles, particles and bubbles in the aqueous phase were computed and analyzed using the extended DLVO theory. The results demonstrate that the energy barrier between concentrated particles disappeared, while the energy barrier between tailing particles remained. Experimental results showed that NK concentrate particles flocculated and adhered to bubbles earlier than other particles at 100 × 10−19 m, which were conducive to flotation. (The NK is a compound reagent consisting of naphthenic acids and kerosene mixed at different ratios). The above research results are helpful to clarify the separation mechanism of residual carbon and ash in CGFS and improve the flotation separation effect.
Abstarct
The objective was to investigate the upstream mechanisms of apoptosis which were triggered by a novel antimicrotubule drug, ABT‐751, in a tumor protein p53 (
TP53)‐deficient hepatocellular ...carcinoma‐derived Hep‐3B cells. A series of in vitro assays indicated that ABT‐751 caused the disruption of the mitotic spindle structure, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, G
2/M cell cycle arrest, inhibition of anchorage‐independent cell growth and apoptosis in Hep‐3B cells accompanied by alteration of the expression levels of several DNA damage checkpoint proteins and cell cycle regulators. Subsequently, ABT‐751 triggered apoptosis along with markedly upregulated several proapoptotic proteins involving in extrinsic, intrinsic, and caspase‐mediated apoptotic pathways. A pan‐caspase inhibitor suppressed ABT‐751‐induced apoptosis. ABT‐751 also induced autophagy soon after the occurrence of apoptosis through the suppression of AKT serine/threonine kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Exogenous expression of the
TP53 gene significantly incurred both apoptosis and autophagy in Hep‐3B cells. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagosome (early autophagy) but not autolysosome (late autophagy) enhanced ABT‐751‐induced apoptosis in
TP53‐deficient Hep‐3B cells. Our study provided a new strategy to augment ABT‐751‐induced apoptosis in
TP53‐deficient cells.
A microtubule inhibitor, ABT‐751 induced autophagy and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)‐derived tumor protein p53 (TP53)‐deficient Hep‐3B cells. Soon after the occurrence of apoptosis through the suppression of AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) signaling, ABT‐751‐induced autophagy. Inhibition of the formation of autophagosome but not autolysosome augments ABT‐751‐induced apoptosis.
This study investigates gait symmetry and single-leg stance balance of professional yoga instructors versus age-matched typically developed controls using inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based ...evaluation. We recruited twenty-five yoga instructors and twenty-five healthy control subjects to conduct the walking experiments and single-leg stance tests. Kinematic data were measured by attaching IMUs to the lower limbs and trunk. We assessed the asymmetry of swing phases during the normal-walk and tandem-walk tests with eyes open and closed, respectively. The subjects subsequently conducted four single-leg stance tests, including a single-leg stance on both legs with eyes open and closed. Two balance indexes regarding the angular velocities of the waist and chest were defined to assess postural stability. The gait asymmetry indexes of yoga instructors were significantly lower than those of the typically developed controls. Similarly, the yoga instructors had better body balance in all four single-leg stance tests. This study's findings suggest that yoga improves gait asymmetry and balance ability in healthy adults. In the future, further intervention studies could be conducted to confirm the effect of yoga training.
Soil is the largest organic carbon (C) pool of terrestrial ecosystems, and C loss from soil accounts for a large proportion of land‐atmosphere C exchange. Therefore, a small change in soil organic C ...(SOC) can affect atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and climate change. In the past decades, a wide variety of studies have been conducted to quantify global SOC stocks and soil C exchange with the atmosphere through site measurements, inventories, and empirical/process‐based modeling. However, these estimates are highly uncertain, and identifying major driving forces controlling soil C dynamics remains a key research challenge. This study has compiled century‐long (1901–2010) estimates of SOC storage and heterotrophic respiration (Rh) from 10 terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) in the Multi‐scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project and two observation‐based data sets. The 10 TBM ensemble shows that global SOC estimate ranges from 425 to 2111 Pg C (1 Pg = 1015 g) with a median value of 1158 Pg C in 2010. The models estimate a broad range of Rh from 35 to 69 Pg C yr−1 with a median value of 51 Pg C yr−1 during 2001–2010. The largest uncertainty in SOC stocks exists in the 40–65°N latitude whereas the largest cross‐model divergence in Rh are in the tropics. The modeled SOC change during 1901–2010 ranges from −70 Pg C to 86 Pg C, but in some models the SOC change has a different sign from the change of total C stock, implying very different contribution of vegetation and soil pools in determining the terrestrial C budget among models. The model ensemble‐estimated mean residence time of SOC shows a reduction of 3.4 years over the past century, which accelerate C cycling through the land biosphere. All the models agreed that climate and land use changes decreased SOC stocks, while elevated atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen deposition over intact ecosystems increased SOC stocks—even though the responses varied significantly among models. Model representations of temperature and moisture sensitivity, nutrient limitation, and land use partially explain the divergent estimates of global SOC stocks and soil C fluxes in this study. In addition, a major source of systematic error in model estimations relates to nonmodeled SOC storage in wetlands and peatlands, as well as to old C storage in deep soil layers.
Key Points
Simulated historical (1901–2010) SOC dynamics vary largely among models
Ten TBMs agree that climate and land use change have reduced SOC stocks
Rising CO2 and N deposition are prone to increase SOC with varying magnitudes
The large areal extent of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico has been partially attributed to substantial nitrogen (N) loading from the Mississippi River basin, which is driven by multiple ...natural and human factors. The available water quality monitoring data and most of the current models are insufficient to fully quantify N load magnitude and the underlying controls. Here we use a process‐based Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model to examine how multiple factors (synthetic N fertilizer, atmospheric N deposition, land use changes, climate variability, and increasing atmospheric CO2) have affected the loading and delivery of total nitrogen (TN) consisting of ammonium and nitrate (dissolved inorganic N) and total organic nitrogen from the Mississippi River basin during 1901–2014. The model results indicate that TN export during 2000–2014 was twofold larger than that in the first decade of twentieth century: Dissolved inorganic N export increased by 140% dominated by nitrate; total organic nitrogen export increased by 53%. The substantial enrichment of TN export since the 1960s was strongly associated with increased anthropogenic N inputs (synthetic N fertilizer and atmospheric N deposition). The greatest export of TN was in the spring. Although the implementation of N reduction has been carried out over the past three decades, total N loads to the northern Gulf of Mexico have not decreased significantly. Due to the legacy effect from historical N accumulation in soils and riverbeds, a larger reduction in synthetic N fertilizer inputs as well as improved N management practices are needed to alleviate ocean hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico.
Key Points
Over the period 1901‐2014, DIN and TON export from the Mississippi River basin increased by 85% and 60%, respectively. The Ohio River basin was largest contributor to the increase among seven subbasins
Synthetic N fertilizer application was the dominant contributor to increases in the export of DIN (70%) and TON (40%) since the 1970s
The highest DIN and TON export occurred in the spring, accounting for 39% and 36% of the total export from the MRB during 1990‐2014
Background
Current understanding of the lymphatic system of the breast is derived mainly from the work of the anatomist Sappey in the 1850s, with many observations made during the development and ...introduction of breast lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy contributing to our knowledge.
Methods
Twenty four breasts in 14 fresh human cadavers (5 male, 9 female) were studied. Lymph vessels were identified with hydrogen peroxide and injected with a lead oxide mixture and radiographed. The specimens were cross sectioned and radiographed to provide three dimensional images. Lymph (collecting) vessels were traced from the periphery to the first-tier lymph node.
Results
Lymph collecting vessels were found evenly spaced at the periphery of the anterior upper torso draining radially into the axillary lymph nodes. As they reached the breast some passed over and some through the breast parenchyma, as revealed in the cross-section studies. The pathways showed no significant difference between male and female specimens. We found also perforating lymph vessels that coursed beside the branches of the internal mammary vessels, draining into the ipsilateral internal mammary lymphatics. In some studies one sentinel node in the axilla drained almost the entire breast. In most more than one sentinel node was represented.
Conclusion
These anatomical findings are discordant with our current knowledge based on previous studies and demand closer examination by clinicians. These anatomical studies may help explain the percentage of false-negative sentinel node biopsy studies and suggest the peritumoral injection site for accurate sentinel lymph node detection.
Given the importance of the potential positive feedback between methane (CH4) emissions and climate change, it is critical to accurately estimate the magnitude and spatiotemporal patterns of CH4 ...emissions from global rice fields and better understand the underlying determinants governing the emissions. Here we used a coupled biogeochemical model in combination with satellite‐derived contemporary inundation area to quantify the magnitude and spatiotemporal variation of CH4 emissions from global rice fields and attribute the environmental controls of CH4 emissions during 1901–2010. Our study estimated that CH4 emissions from global rice fields varied from 18.3 ± 0.1 Tg CH4/yr (Avg. ±1 SD) under intermittent irrigation to 38.8 ± 1.0 Tg CH4/yr under continuous flooding in the 2000s, indicating that the magnitude of CH4 emissions from global rice fields is largely dependent on different water schemes. Over the past 110 years, our simulated results showed that global CH4 emissions from rice cultivation increased by 85%. The expansion of rice fields was the dominant factor for the increasing trends of CH4 emissions, followed by elevated CO2 concentration, and nitrogen fertilizer use. On the contrary, climate variability had reduced the cumulative CH4 emissions for most of the years over the study period. Our results imply that CH4 emissions from global rice fields could be reduced through optimizing irrigation practices. Therefore, the future magnitude of CH4 emissions from rice fields will be determined by the human demand for rice production as well as the implementation of optimized water management practices.
Key Points
Methane emissions from global rice fields in the 2000s varied from 18.3 to 38.8 Tg CH4/yr depending on different water schemes
Expansion of rice cultivation was the key factor causing CH4 emission increase in the past century
Intermittent irrigation could reduce half CH4 emission comparing with continuous flooding
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