To update brachytherapy recommendations for pretreatment evaluation, treatment, and dosimetric issues for thoracic brachytherapy for lung cancer.
Members of the American Brachytherapy Society with ...expertise in thoracic brachytherapy updated recommendations for thoracic brachytherapy based on literature review and clinical experience.
The American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines recommend the use of endobronchial brachytherapy for disease palliation in patients with central obstructing lesions, particularly in patients who have previously received external beam radiotherapy. The use of interstitial implants after incomplete resection may improve outcomes and provide enhanced palliation. Early reports support the use of CT-guided intratumoral volume implants within clinical studies. The use of brachytherapy routinely after sublobar resection is not generally recommended, unless within the confines of a clinical trial or a registry.
American Brachytherapy Society recommendations for thoracic brachytherapy are provided. Practitioners are encouraged to follow these guidelines and to develop further clinical trials to examine this treatment modality to increase the evidence base for its use.
Abstract
In this study we aim to do an analysis of the profitability and reliability of a system used primarily in Metro Train Networks consisting of a power cable rated for 33KV. The wires for the ...feed to each substation are laid in loops. As a starting point, two cables of the same voltage are laid with one being operational and another being a hot standby for backup. The moment the primary operational cable fails the backup cable immediately becomes operational. In the situation of a cable failure, it is considered if repairing the damaged cable can be done as opposed to repairing it. The moment both the operational as well as the back-up cables fail, the system is brought to a complete halt. Cable failures are categorized in two groups viz. irreparable failures & repairable failures.
Regenerative Point Technique & Semi-Markov Processes
are the methodologies used to derive the data that depicts real-failure situations or any other parameters of system effectiveness. This analysis is being done to enable multiple cases to detect and realize essential profit-analysis results for the system in question.
Human skin emanations attract hungry female mosquitoes toward their host for blood feeding. In this study, we report the flight orientation and electroantennogram response of Aedes albopictus females ...to certain unsaturated acids and alcohols found in human skin. In the Y-tube olfactometer, odors of lactic acid and 2-methyl-3-pentanol attracted 54–65 % of Ae. albopictus females at all doses in a dose-dependent manner. However, at the highest dose (10⁻² g), the acids repelled 40–45 % females. Attractancy (ca. 62–68 %) at lower doses and repellency (ca. 30–45 %) at higher doses were recorded for 3-methyl-3-pentanol and 1-octen-3-ol, while 5-hexen-1-ol, cis-2-hexen-1-ol, and trans 2-hexen-1-ol odor repelled ca. 55–65 % of Ae. albopictus females at all doses. Antenna of female Ae. albopictus exhibited a dose-dependent EAG response up to 10⁻³ g of L-lactic acid, trans-2-methyl-2-pentenoic acid, 2-octenoic acid, trans-2-hexen-1-ol and 1-octen-3-ol stimulations; however, the highest dose (10⁻² g) caused a little decline in the EAG response. EAG response of 9–10-fold was elicited by lactic acid, 2-octenoic acid, trans-2-hexenoic acid, and 3-methyl-3-pentanol, while cis-2-hexen-1-ol and trans-2-methyl pentenoic acid elicited 1–5-fold responses compared to solvent control. A blend of attractive compounds could be utilized in odor-baited trap for surveillance and repellent molecules with suitable formulation could be used to reduce the biting menace of mosquitoes.
The flight orientation response of nonblood-fed and hungry Aedes albopictus females was studied in a Y-tube olfactometer at 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻² g odor plumes of saturated carboxylic acids (C₁–C₂₀), in which ...C₂–C₁₈ were the main constituents of human skin emanations. Thirteen acids viz C₁, C₂, C₃, C₅, C₆, C₈ C₉, C₁₀, C₁₂, C₁₄, C₁₆, C₁₈, and C₂₀ showed attractance at odor plumes ranging from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻³ g doses, while five acids viz C₄, C₇, C₁₁, C₁₅, and C₁₉ showed repellence at 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻² g to test mosquitoes. Tridecanoic acid (C₁₃) showed attractance only at 10⁻⁴ g dose while higher doses caused repellence. Dose-dependent reversal of orientation behavior from attractance to repellence was observed at 10⁻² g plumes of C₅, C₉, C₁₀, C₁₃, C₁₇, C₁₉, and C₂₀ acids. The outcome of the study will help in the identification of odoriferous acids as potential attractants, repellents, or attraction inhibitors, which may find their application in the repellent formulations and odor-baited traps for surveillance and control of mosquitoes.
Bedbug Cimex hemipterus lives in cracks and crevices, and shows aggregation activity in the harbourage containing its fecal matter. Limited information is available on the chemicals influencing this ...aggregation behaviour in C. hemipterus. Possible components responsible for aggregation, if identified and evaluated can be helpful in designing bedbug management.
Study on the isolation and identification of chemicals from the excreta extract responsible for aggregation has been carried by GC-MS. The compounds identified were evaluated at different concentrations to C. hemipterus and their attraction index was determined.
The GC-MS analysis of the excreta extract resulted in identification of 33 different types of semiochemicals such as esters, carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and other hydrocarbons. Among these 33 compounds of various groups, the carboxylic acid (E)-2-hexenoic acid and the aldehyde (E)-2-hexenal found to elicit highest positive aggregation behavioural response in all the stages followed by hexenal.
The fecal matter influence the aggregation behaviour in C. hemipterus. (E)-2-hexenoic acid, hexanoic acid, (E)-2-hexenal and hexanal found to exhibit aggregation in various stages of bedbug life cycle. These chemical components can be further exploited for designing and development tool for management of bedbugs.
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