A biosensor array is fabricated using an interpenetrating polymer network consisting of photonic film templated from reactive cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) and enzyme‐immobilized polyacrylic acid ...(PAA). The solid‐state photonic film on the glass substrate is successfully templated by ultraviolet (UV) curing of the reactive CLC mixture of a reactive mesogen mixture of RMM 727 (from Merck) and a nonreactive chiral dopant of (S)‐4‐cyano‐4′‐(2‐methylbutyl)biphenyl following the extraction of the chiral dopant. The acrylic acid monomer mixed with a cross‐linker of tri(propylene glycol) diacrylate is infiltrated into the extracted space of the photonic film, and UV‐cured with a photomask to obtain a patterned array‐dot film. The interpenetrated cholesteric liquid crystal/hydrogel polymer network (CLC‐hydrogel‐IPN) array is further functionalized in the individual dots with urease, for a model study of biosensor array applications. The dots of the CLC‐hydrogel‐IPN array respond independently to the urea by a color change with high sensitivity and stability. Thus, the patterned CLC‐hydrogel‐IPN can be used as a new biosensor array for cost‐effective and easy visual detection without any sophisticated instruments.
A photonic biosensor array with high sensitivity and stability is fabricated using an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) consisting of photonic film templated from reactive cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) and enzyme‐immobilized poly(acrylic acid). This patterned CLC‐hydrogel‐IPN can be used as a new biosensor array for cost‐effective and easy visual detection without any sophisticated instruments.
Although the lithium‐metal anode (LMA) can deliver a high theoretical capacity of ≈3860 mAh g−1 at a low redox potential of −3.040 V (vs the standard hydrogen electrode), its application in ...rechargeable batteries is hindered by the poor Coulombic efficiency and safety issues caused by dendritic metal growth. Consequently, careful electrode design, electrolyte engineering, solid‐electrolyte interface control, protective layer introduction, and other strategies are suggested as possible solutions. In particular, one should note the great potential of 3D‐structured electrode materials, which feature high active specific surface areas and stereoscopic structures with multitudinous lithiophilic sites and can therefore facilitate rapid Li‐ion flux and metal nucleation as well as mitigate Li dendrite formation through the kinetic control of metal deposition even at high local current densities. This progress report reviews the design of 3D‐structured electrode materials for LMA according to their categories, namely 1) metal‐based materials, 2) carbon‐based materials, and 3) their hybrids, and allows the results obtained under different experimental conditions to be seen at a single glance, thus being helpful for researchers working in related fields.
The design of 3D‐structured electrode materials for lithium‐metal anodes is reviewed according to their categories; namely, 1) metal‐based materials, 2) carbon‐based materials, and 3) their hybrids. The results obtained under different experimental conditions can therefore be seen in a single glance, thus being helpful for researchers working in related fields.
Treatment for pediatric hydrocephalus aims not only to shrink the enlarged ventricle morphologically but also to create an intracranial environment that provides the best neurocognitive development ...and to deal with various treatment-related problems over a long period of time. Although the primary diseases that cause hydrocephalus are diverse, the ventricular peritoneal shunt has been introduced as the standard treatment for several decades. Nevertheless, complications such as shunt infection and shunt malfunction are unavoidable; the prognosis of neurological function is severely affected by such factors, especially in newborns and infants.In recent years, treatment concepts have been attempted to avoid shunting, mainly in the context of pediatric cases. In this review, the current role of neuroendoscopic third ventriculostomy for noncommunicating hydrocephalus is discussed and a new therapeutic concept for post intraventricular hemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants is documented. To avoid shunt placement and achieve good neurodevelopmental outcomes for pediatric hydrocephalus, treatment modalities must be developed.
Dual Emission: Classes, Mechanisms, and Conditions Behera, Santosh Kumar; Park, Soo Young; Gierschner, Johannes
Angewandte Chemie International Edition,
October 11, 2021, Letnik:
60, Številka:
42
Journal Article
Recenzirano
There has been much interest in dual‐emission materials in the past few years for materials and life science applications; however, a systematic overview of the underlying processes is so‐far ...missing. We resolve this issue herein by classifying dual‐emission (DE) phenomena as relying on one emitter with two emitting states (DE1), two independent emitters (DE2), or two correlated emitters (DE3). Relevant DE mechanisms for materials science are then briefly described together with the electronic and/or geometrical conditions under which they occur. For further reading, references are given that offer detailed insight into the complex mechanistic aspects of the various DE processes or provide overviews on materials families or their applications. By avoiding ambiguities and misinterpretations, this systematic, insightful Review might inspire future targeted designs of DE materials.
Dual‐emission (DE) materials have found widespread use in the materials and life sciences. This systematic, tutorial Review offers a clear presentation of the phenomenon and highlights misinterpretations as well as further literature with the aim of promoting the further targeted development of DE materials.
Vaccines and therapeutics are urgently needed for the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we screen human monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting the ...receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein via antibody library constructed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a convalescent patient. The CT-P59 mAb potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 isolates including the D614G variant without antibody-dependent enhancement effect. Complex crystal structure of CT-P59 Fab/RBD shows that CT-P59 blocks interaction regions of RBD for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor with an orientation that is notably different from previously reported RBD-targeting mAbs. Furthermore, therapeutic effects of CT-P59 are evaluated in three animal models (ferret, hamster, and rhesus monkey), demonstrating a substantial reduction in viral titer along with alleviation of clinical symptoms. Therefore, CT-P59 may be a promising therapeutic candidate for COVID-19.
2D organic semiconductor crystals are emerging as a fascinating platform with regard to their applications in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), attributed to their enhanced charge transport ...efficiency and their new optoelectronic functions, based on their unique morphological features. Advances in material processing techniques have not only enabled easy fabrication of few‐monolayered 2D nanostructures but also facilitated exploration of the interesting properties induced by characteristic 2D morphologies. However, to date, only a limited number of representative organic semiconductors have been utilized in organic 2D optoelectronics. Therefore, in order to further spur this research, an intuitive crystal engineering principle for realizing organic 2D crystals is required. In this regard, here, not only the important implications of applying 2D structures to OFET devices are discussed but also a crystal engineering protocol is provided that first predicts molecular arrangements depending on the molecular factors, which is followed by realizing 2D supramolecular synthon networks for different molecular packing motifs. It is expected that 2D organic semiconductor crystals developed by this approach will pave a promising way toward next‐generation organic 2D optoelectronics.
2D crystals based on organic semiconducting materials have established breakthroughs in the performance of organic field‐effect transistors and the emergence of novel optoelectronic functions. In addition to highlighting the significances of 2D organic semiconductor crystal platforms, material design principles for implementing programmed 2D assembling molecules are provided.
The unique combination of the rubber-like property and the photonic helicoidal structure of cholesteric liquid-crystal elastomers (CLCEs) results in one-handed circular polarized light reflection, ...the wavelength of which is dictated by the Bragg relationship. Herein, a highly stretchable mechanochromic photonic CLCE film was fabricated by cross-linking mesogenic oligomers having thiol terminal groups, which further reacted to form disulfide (−S–S−) linkages. The mechanically stretched photonic CLCE film reflected both right- and left-handed circular polarized lights with a blue-shifted color. The helicoidal pitch and handedness controlled by the applied strain were programmed through a dynamic exchange reaction between the −S–S– linkages, thus realizing the patterning at selective regions. The pattern almost vanished under unpolarized daylight but was visible under circularly polarized light when the patterned photonic CLCE film had been heated above its isotropic temperature. The hidden patterns of the heat-treated CLCE film reappeared under unpolarized daylight when stretched, demonstrating a data encryption ability. These patterned photonic elastomers can be uniquely used in sensors, actuators, soft robotics, flexible displays, data encryption, and anticounterfeiting applications with a mechanochromic camouflage response.
Owing to the hasty growth of communication technologies in the Underwater Internet of Things (UIoT), many researchers and industries focus on enhancing the existing technologies of UIoT systems for ...developing numerous applications such as oceanography, diver networks monitoring, deep-sea exploration and early warning systems. In a constrained UIoT environment, communication media such as acoustic, infrared (IR), visible light, radiofrequency (RF) and magnet induction (MI) are generally used to transmit information via digitally linked underwater devices. However, each medium has its technical limitations: for example, the acoustic medium has challenges such as narrow-channel bandwidth, low data rate, high cost, etc., and optical medium has challenges such as high absorption, scattering, long-distance data transmission, etc. Moreover, the malicious node can steal the underwater data by employing blackhole attacks, routing attacks, Sybil attacks, etc. Furthermore, due to heavyweight, the existing privacy and security mechanism of the terrestrial internet of things (IoT) cannot be applied directly to UIoT environment. Hence, this paper aims to provide a systematic review of recent trends, applications, communication technologies, challenges, security threats and privacy issues of UIoT system. Additionally, this paper highlights the methods of preventing the technical challenges and security attacks of the UIoT environment. Finally, this systematic review contributes much to the profit of researchers to analyze and improve the performance of services in UIoT applications.
Recently, organic fluorescent molecules harnessing the excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process are drawing great attention due to their unique photophysical properties which ...facilitate novel optoelectronic applications. After a brief introduction to the ESIPT process and related photophysical properties, molecular design strategies towards tailored emission are discussed in relation to their theoretical aspects. Subsequently, recent studies on advanced ESIPT molecules and their optoelectronic applications are surveyed, particularly focusing on chemical sensors, fluorescence imaging, proton transfer lasers, and organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Organic fluorescent molecules harnessing excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process are drawing great attention due to their unique and beneficial photophysical properties such as a large Stokes' shift, no self‐absorption, and easy population inversion of the keto form, which are attributed to its intrinsic four‐level photocycle scheme. Here, recent studies on advanced ESIPT molecules and their novel optoelectronic applications are reviewed.
Fluorescence photoswitching systems using photochromic molecules, which turn on and off their fluorescence upon light irradiation, have emerged as highly promising material systems during the past ...two decades related to their optoelectronic applications such as high‐density optical memory, bioimaging, and super‐resolution microscopy. Single‐color fluorescence photoswitching, which provides only two different states (on/off), is limited in terms of its practical applications such as interference from autofluorescence in biological applications and limited switching states in logic gate and optical memory applications. To address such issues, studies on multicolor fluorescence photoswitching systems incorporating photochromic molecules have witnessed an explosive growth in the past decade in terms of the academic principles and technological applications. In the earlier part, this review briefly introduces the principle of fluorescence photoswitching based on the representative single‐color fluorescence photoswitching systems. Then, the review turns into the main topic of multicolor fluorescence photoswitching systems which are organized in two different subcategories of 1) color‐correlated photoswitching and 2) color‐specific photoswitching. Not only the material systems and principles of the multicolor fluorescence photoswitching, but also their important applications are described and discussed here. In the last section of this review, a brief summary and outlook on the future development are provided.
Multicolor fluorescence photoswitching, color‐correlated and color‐specific switching, is reviewed. The multicolor photoswitching is the only one solution to some limitations of single‐color photoswitching in application fields such as optical memory and super‐resolution bioimaging. The fundamentals and design, material systems, as well as applications of the multicolor photoswitching are covered. A perspective on the future is also provided.
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