Guidelines for reporting on CBCT scans Patel, S.; Harvey, S.
International endodontic journal,
April 2021, 2021-Apr, 2021-04-00, 20210401, Letnik:
54, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The aim of a radiographic report is to provide an accurate interpretation of images to facilitate the diagnostic process, and when indicated prompt the appropriate management for the patient. It is ...part of the patient’s clinical records. This paper describes the imaging chain involved in the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) workflow from referring to reporting on a CBCT scan. It provides guidelines on the essential information required before and immediately after a CBCT scan is taken, and optimizing the viewing conditions. Finally, it describes a framework for a systematic, comprehensive and tailored CBCT radiographic report. It is aimed at endodontists, clinicians and radiologists reporting on CBCT scans of the dentoalveolar region.
The use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the diagnosis and/or management of endodontic problems is increasing and is reflected in the exponential rise in publications on this topic in the ...last two decades. The aim of this paper is to: (i) Review current literature on the endodontic applications of CBCT; (ii) Based on current evidence make recommendations for the use of CBCT in Endodontics; (iii) Highlight the areas in which more research is required.
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL6) promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) development. It is also known to regulate cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, which are involved in CRC tumour ...initiation and promotion via activation of chemical carcinogens. Here, IL6 regulation of CYP450 expression was investigated in CRC.
The effect of IL6 on CYP 1A1, 1B1 and 2E1 expression was determined in vitro using CRC cell lines HCT116 and SW480, and CYP450 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in CRC tissues previously shown to have increased levels of IL6.
In mechanistic studies, IL6 treatment significantly induced CYP1B1 and CYP2E1, but not CYP1A1, gene expression in HCT116 and SW480 cells. CYP2E1 expression regulation occurred via a transcriptional mechanism involving STAT3. For CYP1B1 regulation, IL6 downregulated the CYP1B1-targeting microRNA miR27b through a mechanism involving DNA methylation. In clinical samples, the expression of CYP1B1 and CYP2E1, but not CYP1A1, was significantly increased in malignant tissue overexpressing IL6 compared with matched adjacent normal tissue.
Colonic inflammation with the presence of IL6 associated with neoplastic tissue can alter metabolic competency of epithelial cells by manipulating CYP2E1 and CYP1B1 expression through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. This can lead to increased activation of dietary carcinogens and DNA damage, thus promoting colorectal carcinogenesis.
Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis is an important tool to elucidate the causal relevance of environmental and biological risk factors for disease. However, causal inference is undermined if ...genetic variants used to instrument a risk factor also influence alternative disease-pathways (horizontal pleiotropy). Here we report how the 'no horizontal pleiotropy assumption' is strengthened when proteins are the risk factors of interest. Proteins are typically the proximal effectors of biological processes encoded in the genome. Moreover, proteins are the targets of most medicines, so MR studies of drug targets are becoming a fundamental tool in drug development. To enable such studies, we introduce a mathematical framework that contrasts MR analysis of proteins with that of risk factors located more distally in the causal chain from gene to disease. We illustrate key model decisions and introduce an analytical framework for maximising power and evaluating the robustness of analyses.
The development of thin-film semiconductor compounds, such as Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), has caused remarkable progress in the field of thin-film photovoltaics. However, the scarcity and ...the increasing prices of indium impose the hunt for alternative materials. The Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS) is one of the promising emerging materials with Kesterite-type crystal structure and favourable material properties like high absorption co-efficient and direct band-gap. Moreover, all the constituent elements of CZTS are non-toxic and aplenty on the earth-crust, making it a potential candidate for the thin-film photovoltaics. Here we report the synthesis of CZTS powder from its constituent elements, viz. copper, zinc, tin and sulphur, in an evacuated Quartz ampoule at 1030K temperature. The sulphur content in the raw mixture in the ampoule was varied and optimised in order to attain the desired atomic stoichiometry of the compound. The synthesised powder was characterised by X-Ray diffraction technique (XRD), Raman Scattering Spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX) and UV–Visible Absorption Spectra. The XRD Patterns of the synthesised compound show the preferred orientation of (112), (220) and (312) planes, confirming the Kesterite structure of CZTS. The chemical composition of the powder was analysed by EDAX and shows good atomic stoichiometry of the constituent elements in the CZTS compound. The UV–Vis absorption spectra confirm the direct band-gap of about 1.45eV, which is quite close to the optimum value for the semiconductor material as an absorber in solar-cells.
► Synthesis and characterisation of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) from constituent elements. ► Good stoichiometry in compounds prepared with 30% and 40% excess S in the raw mixture. ► Formation of CZTS with good crystalline quality confirmed by XRD and Raman spectra. ► Band gap of about 1.45eV, which is close to optimum value for solar PV applications.
Even though SN 2012cg is one of the best-studied Type Ia supernovae to date, the nature of its progenitor system has been debated in numerous studies. Specifically, it is difficult to reconcile ...recent claims of the detection of a ∼6 MS companion with recent deep, late-time flux limits. In this study we add three new constraints. (1) We analyze a new high-signal-to-noise, nebular-phase, Large Binocular Telescope/MODS spectrum of SN 2012cg and place an upper limit on the amount of low-velocity, solar-abundance material removed from a possible companion of . (2) We use Swift X-ray observations to constrain the pre-explosion mass-loss rate to be for . (3) We carefully reanalyze a prediscovery MASTER image, and with published light curves of SN 2012cg we estimate the time of first light and conservatively constrain the radius of a Roche-lobe overflowing companion to be . These observations disagree with a large nearby companion, and when considered with other studies of SN 2012cg's progenitor system, essentially rule out a non-degenerate companion.
Abstract
Quantum error correction can preserve quantum information in the presence of local errors, but correlated errors are fatal. For superconducting qubits, high-energy particle impacts from ...background radioactivity produce energetic phonons that travel throughout the substrate and create excitations above the superconducting ground state, known as quasiparticles, which can poison all qubits on the chip. We use normal metal reservoirs on the chip back side to downconvert phonons to low energies where they can no longer poison qubits. We introduce a pump-probe scheme involving controlled injection of pair-breaking phonons into the qubit chips. We examine quasiparticle poisoning on chips with and without back-side metallization and demonstrate a reduction in the flux of pair-breaking phonons by over a factor of 20. We use a Ramsey interferometer scheme to simultaneously monitor quasiparticle parity on three qubits for each chip and observe a two-order of magnitude reduction in correlated poisoning due to background radiation.
Epithelial cell death is a major contributor to fibrogenesis in the lung. In this study, we sought to determine the function of mitochondria and their clearance (mitophagy) in alveolar epithelial ...cell death and fibrosis.
We studied markers of mitochondrial injury and the mitophagy marker, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), in IPF lung tissues by Western blotting, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunofluorescence. In vitro experiments were carried out in lung epithelial cells stimulated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Changes in cell function were measured by Western blotting, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. In vivo experiments were performed using the murine bleomycin model of lung fibrosis.
Evaluation of IPF lung tissue demonstrated increased PINK1 expression by Western blotting and immunofluorescence and increased numbers of damaged mitochondria by TEM. In lung epithelial cells, TGF-β1 induced mitochondrial depolarization, mitochondrial ROS, and PINK1 expression; all were abrogated by mitochondrial ROS scavenging. Finally, Pink1-/- mice were more susceptible than control mice to bleomycin induced lung fibrosis.
TGF-β1 induces lung epithelial cell mitochondrial ROS and depolarization and stabilizes the key mitophagy initiating protein, PINK1. PINK1 ameliorates epithelial cell death and may be necessary to limit fibrogenesis.
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