Diabetes mellitus is one of the common metabolic disorders acquiring around 2.8%of the world’s population and is anticipated to cross 5.4%by the year 2025.Since long back herbal medicines have been ...the highly esteemed source of medicine therefore,they have become a growing part of modern,high-tech medicine.In view of the above aspects the present review provides profiles of plants(65 species) with hypoglycaemic properties,available through literature source from various database with proper categorization according to the parts used,mode of reduction in blood glucose(insulinomimetic or insulin secretagugues activity) and active phyloconsliluents having insulin mimetics activity.From the review it was suggested that,plant showing hypoglycemic potential mainly belongs to the family Leguminoseae,Lamiaceae,Liliaceae,Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae,Moraceae,Rosaceae and Araliaceae.The most active plants are Allium sativum. Gymnema sylvestre,Citrullus colocynthis,Trigonella foenum greacum,Momordica charantia and Ficuts bengalensis.The review describes some new bioactive drugs and isolated compounds from plants such as roseoside,epigallocatechin gallate,beta-pyrazol-1-ylalanine,cinchonain Ib,leucocyandin 3-O-beta-d-galactosyl cellobioside,leucopelargonidin-3- O-alpha-L rhamuoside,glycyrrhetinic acid,dehydrotrametenolic acid,strictinin,isostrictinin,pedunculagin, epicatechin and christinin-A showing significant insulinomimetic and antidiabetic activity with more efficacy than conventional hypoglycaemic agents.Thus,from the review majorly,the antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants is attributed to the presence of polyphenols,flavonoida, terpenoids,coumarins and other constituents which show reduction in blood glucose levels.The review also discusses the management aspect of diabetes mellitus using these plants and their active principles.
A novel type of spherical and porous composites were synthesized to dually benefit from reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and magnetic materials as supports for enzyme immobilization. Three magnetic ...composite particles of Fe3O4 and rGO containing 71% (rGO-Fe3O4-M1), 36% (rGO-Fe3O4-M2), and 18% (rGO-Fe3O4-M3) Fe were prepared using a one-pot spray pyrolysis method and were used for the immobilization of the model enzymes, laccase and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The rGO-Fe3O4 composite particles prepared by spray pyrolysis process had a regular shape, finite size, and uniform composition. The immobilization of laccase and HRP on rGO-Fe3O4-M1 resulted in 112 and 89.8% immobilization efficiency higher than that of synthesized pure Fe3O4 and rGO particles, respectively. The stability of laccase was improved by approximately 15-fold at 25 °C. Furthermore, rGO-Fe3O4-M1-immobilized laccase exhibited 92.6% of residual activity after 10 cycles of reuse and was 192% more efficient in oxidizing different phenolic compounds than the free enzyme. Therefore, these unique composite particles containing rGO and Fe3O4 may be promising supports for the efficient immobilization of industrially important enzymes with lower acute toxicity toward Vibrio fischeri than commercial pure Fe3O4 particles.
The mechanisms through which microbes communicate using signal molecules has inspired a great deal of research. Microbes use this exchange of information, known as quorum sensing (QS), to initiate ...and perpetuate infectious diseases in eukaryotic organisms, evading the eukaryotic defense system by multiplying and expressing their pathogenicity through QS regulation. The major issue to arise from such networks is increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics, resulting from QS-dependent mediation of the formation of biofilm, the induction of efflux pumps, and the production of antibiotics. QS inhibitors (QSIs) of diverse origins have been shown to act as potential antipathogens. In this review, we focus on the use of QSIs to counter diseases in humans as well as plants and animals of economic importance. We also discuss the challenges encountered in the potential applications of QSIs.
•Quorum sensing (QS) mediated pathogenicity in aquaculture, plants, and humans•QS inhibitors (QSIs) as antipathogens•Bioetchnological applications of QSIs•Field trials of QSIs in treating plants, water and humans
Superlattices have attracted great interest because their use may make it possible to modify the spectra of two-dimensional electron systems and, ultimately, create materials with tailored electronic ...properties. In previous studies (see, for example, refs 1-8), it proved difficult to realize superlattices with short periodicities and weak disorder, and most of their observed features could be explained in terms of cyclotron orbits commensurate with the superlattice. Evidence for the formation of superlattice minibands (forming a fractal spectrum known as Hofstadter's butterfly) has been limited to the observation of new low-field oscillations and an internal structure within Landau levels. Here we report transport properties of graphene placed on a boron nitride substrate and accurately aligned along its crystallographic directions. The substrate's moiré potential acts as a superlattice and leads to profound changes in the graphene's electronic spectrum. Second-generation Dirac points appear as pronounced peaks in resistivity, accompanied by reversal of the Hall effect. The latter indicates that the effective sign of the charge carriers changes within graphene's conduction and valence bands. Strong magnetic fields lead to Zak-type cloning of the third generation of Dirac points, which are observed as numerous neutrality points in fields where a unit fraction of the flux quantum pierces the superlattice unit cell. Graphene superlattices such as this one provide a way of studying the rich physics expected in incommensurable quantum systems and illustrate the possibility of controllably modifying the electronic spectra of two-dimensional atomic crystals by varying their crystallographic alignment within van der Waals heterostuctures.
Harmine,a beta-carboline alkaloid,is widely distributed in the plants,marine creatures,insects, mammalians as well as in human tissues and body fluids.Harmine was originally isolated from seeds of ...Peganum harmal in 1847 having a core indole structure and a pyridine ring.Harmine has various types of pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial,antifungal,antitumor,cytotoxic, antiplasmodial,antioxidaant,antimutagenic,antigenotoxic and hallucinogenic properties.It acts on gamma-aminobutyric acid type A and monoamine oxidase A or B receptor,enhances insulin sensitivity and also produces vasorelaxant effect.Harmine prevents bone loss by suppressing osteoclastogenesis.The current review gives an overview on pharmacological activity and analytical techniques of harmine,which may be useful for researcheres to explore the hidden potential of harmine and and will also help in developing new drugs for the treatment of various diseases.
Abstract
We present experimental results of the trace argon impurity puffing in the ohmic plasmas of Aditya-U tokamak performed to study the argon transport behaviour. Argon line emissions in visible ...and Vacuum Ultra Violet (VUV) spectral ranges arising from the plasma edge and core respectively are measured simultaneously. During the experiments, space resolved brightness profile of Ar
1+
line emissions at 472.69 nm (3p
4
4s
2
P
3/2
–3p
4
4p
2
D
3/2
), 473.59 nm (3p
4
4s
4
P
5/2
–3p
4
4p
4
P
3/2
), 476.49 nm (3p
4
4s
2
P
1/2
–3p
4
4p
2
P
3/2
), 480.60 nm (3p
4
4s
4
P
5/2
–3p
4
4p
4
P
5/2
) are recorded using a high resolution visible spectrometer. Also, a VUV spectrometer has been used to simultaneously observe Ar
13+
line emission at 18.79 nm (2s
2
2p
2
P
3/2
–2s2p
2
2
P
3/2
) and Ar
14+
line emission at 22.11 nm (2s
2
1
S
0
–2s2p
1
P
1
). The diffusivity and convective velocity of Ar are obtained by comparing the measured radial emissivity profile of Ar
1+
emission and the line intensity ratio of Ar
13+
and Ar
14+
ions, with those simulated using the impurity transport code, STRAHL. Argon diffusivities ~ 12 m
2
/s and ~ 0.3 m
2
/s have been observed in the edge (ρ > 0.85) and core region of the Aditya-U, respectively. The diffusivity values both in the edge and core region are found to be higher than the neo-classical values suggesting that the argon impurity transport is mainly anomalous in the Aditya-U tokamak. Also, an inward pinch of ~ 10 m/s mainly driven by Ware pinch is required to match the measured and simulated data. The measured peaked profile of Ar density suggests impurity accumulation in these discharges.
Understanding how fast short-range interactions build up long-range order is one of the most intriguing topics in condensed matter physics. FeRh is a test specimen for studying this problem in ...magnetism, where the microscopic spin-spin exchange interaction is ultimately responsible for either ferro- or antiferromagnetic macroscopic order. Femtosecond laser excitation can induce ferromagnetism in antiferromagnetic FeRh, but the mechanism and dynamics of this transition are topics of intense debates. Employing double-pump THz emission spectroscopy has enabled us to dramatically increase the temporal detection window of THz emission probes of transient states without sacrificing any loss of resolution or sensitivity. It allows us to study the kinetics of emergent ferromagnetism from the femtosecond up to the nanosecond timescales in FeRh/Pt bilayers. Our results strongly suggest a latency period between the initial pump-excitation and the emission of THz radiation by ferromagnetic nuclei.
Bacillus, generally regarded as safe, has emerged as a robust organism that can withstand adverse environmental conditions and grows easily to very high densities. Bacillus has been recognized for ...its biotechnological applications on an industrial scale. Recent efforts have shown the potential of Bacillus to generate biofuels (hydrogen), biopolymers (polyhydroxyalkanoates), and bioactive molecules (acyl-homoserine lactonases). Bacillus can be considered the dark horse in the race to generate sustainable energy, ecofriendly non-fossil fuel-based polymers, and bioactive molecules for use as therapeutics.
•Potential of Bacillus to produce biohydrogen•Biopolymer production from biowastes•Strategies for enhancing polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) characteristics•Quorum quenching abilities of Bacillus•Heterologous expression of acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) — lactonases
The increasing water crisis makes fresh water a valuable resource, which must be used wisely. However, with growing population and inefficient waste treatment systems, the amount of wastewater ...dispelled in rivers is increasing abominably. Utilizing this freely available waste-water along with biodiesel industry waste- crude glycerol for bio-hydrogen production is being reported here. The bacterial cultures of Bacillus thuringiensis strain EGU45 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain CD16 produced2.4-3.0 L H2/day/L feed during a 60 days continuous culture system at hydraulic retention time of 2 days. An average H2 yield of 100-120 L/L CG was reported by the two strains. Recycling of the effluent by up to 25% resulted in up to 94% H2 production compared to control.
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