The incidence of early-onset colorectal cnacer-ie, colorectal cancer diagnosed in patients under the age of 50 years- has been increasing around the world. This Series paper provides a comprehensive ...review on the topic of early-onset colorectal cancer, including examining the epidemiology of early-onset colorectal cancer around the world, clinical and pathological features, genetic and epigenetic landscapes, and emerging data on the clinical risk factors associated with this malignancy. Evidence-based approaches to prevention and early detection are also presented.
The outcome of any medical research is belonged to the human beings. The correct application of statistical test has its paramount importance. This article provides the details of categorical data ...analysis test with example and with its interpretation. It is included when to use Chi-square test (2*2 & R*C), Yate`s Correction, Fisher Exact test, Mc Nemartest manually as well as using Open Epi and R codes.
Colorectal Cancer in the Young Patel, Swati G.; Ahnen, Dennis J.
Current gastroenterology reports,
04/2018, Letnik:
20, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Purpose of Review
Colorectal cancer incidence has been rapidly rising in those under the age of 50 over the last 20 years. This paper will review the epidemiology, clinicopathologic, molecular ...features, proposed risk factors, and prevention/treatment approach for early onset CRC (EOCRC) patients.
Recent Findings
EOCRC appears to have a different spectrum of clinical, pathologic, and molecular presentation compared to CRC diagnosed in older individuals. EOCRCs are disproportionately located in the distal colon; these patients tend to present with symptoms, and there is a longer interval between symptoms and diagnosis. There may be a distinct molecular signature, including progression through the microsatellite and chromosomal stable (MACS) pathway and LINE-1 hypomethylation for a subset of EOCRCs. The majority of EOCRCs are sporadic without clear risk factors that would have made the patient eligible for earlier screening.
Summary
There is an acute need for educational efforts aimed at both providers and patients to raise awareness about CRC in the young. Improving adherence to screening in young patients eligible for screening and emphasizing early evaluation of symptoms are important steps to decreasing the burden of CRC in younger patients. Modeling and empiric data are needed to determine whether our current screening approach should be modified and whether causation and treatment options may be different in a molecular subset EOCRCs.
This document is a focused update to the 2017 colorectal cancer (CRC) screening recommendations from the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, which represents the American College of ...Gastroenterology, the American Gastroenterological Association, and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. This update is restricted to addressing the age to start and stop CRC screening in average-risk individuals and the recommended screening modalities. Although there is no literature demonstrating that CRC screening in individuals under age 50 improves health outcomes such as CRC incidence or CRC-related mortality, sufficient data support the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force to suggest average-risk CRC screening begin at age 45. This recommendation is based on the increasing disease burden among individuals under age 50, emerging data that the prevalence of advanced colorectal neoplasia in individuals ages 45 to 49 approaches rates in individuals 50 to 59, and modeling studies that demonstrate the benefits of screening outweigh the potential harms and costs. For individuals ages 76 to 85, the decision to start or continue screening should be individualized and based on prior screening history, life expectancy, CRC risk, and personal preference. Screening is not recommended after age 85.
Hypothesis testing (or statistical inference) is one of the most important applications of biostatistics. Most of medical research begins with a research question that can be framed as a hypothesis. ...There are two type of hypothesis in inferential statistic, Null hypothesis reflects that no difference in comparison to baseline or between groups, whereas an investigator/researcher has some reason to accept difference in comparison to baseline or between groups is known as alternative hypothesis. Since H0 must be either true or false, there are only two possible correct outcomes in an inferential test; correct rejection of H0 when it is false, and retaining H0 when it is true. Therefore, there are two possible errors that can be made which have been termed Type I and Type II errors. A type I error occurs when H0 is incorrectly rejected. This is commonly termed a false positive. A type II error occurs when H0 is retained when it is in fact false. This error is commonly termed a false negative. This article explained the statistical hypothesis, type of errors, confidence interval, P- Value and concept of normality.
Bio Statistics can define as the application of mathematical tools used in statistics to field of biological science and medicine statistics. Collection, organization, analysis ,interpretation and ...presentation of data very important part of bio medical research, which is mainly used in research studies .It deal with aspect of this , including the planning of data collection in term of the design of survey and experiments. Now a day, doing various statistical tests has been made easy by sophisticated computer software. But mainly two things are very important to researcher/ investigator is to choose the appropriate statistical test for the computer to perform based on the nature of data derived from one’s own research. The second is to understand if an analysis was performed appropriately during review and interpretation of others’ research. A basic understanding of biostatistics is needed to understand and interpret the medical literature. The basic step of research is defining the research question, review of literature, formulate hypothesis, preparing study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of it. Bio statistics is mainly concern with descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The objective of this article is that to understand the type of data, choose the correct method of presentation and summarization of the data according to nature of data.
Screening for Colorectal Cancer Patel, Swati G; Dominitz, Jason A
Annals of internal medicine
177, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death. Screening has been proven to reduce both cancer incidence and cancer-related mortality. Various screening tests are available, ...each with their own advantages and disadvantages and varying levels of evidence to support their use. Clinicians should offer CRC screening to average-risk persons aged 50 to 75 years; starting screening at age 45 years remains controversial. Screening may be beneficial in select persons aged 76 to 85 years, based on their overall health and screening history. Offering a choice of screening tests or sequentially offering an alternate test for those who do not complete screening can significantly increase participation.
The particles found in diverse processes such as in pneumatic conveying, food processing, drilling operations, etc., may or may not be spherical in shape. Different types of non-spherical shapes are ...known to play an important role in fluid–particle interactions in terms of hydrodynamics and thermal behavior. The shape effect is studied in this work for a spherical cap and circular disc having the same projected area, in cylindrical confinement of
λ
(≡base diameter of particle to diameter of the tube) = 0.5 for the Poiseuille flow of air (
Pr
= 0.72) over a Reynold number range 1 ≤
Re
≤ 100 in steady state regime. The momentum and energy equations are solved for this problem using finite element-based techniques using COMSOL Multiphysics. The obtained results for both spherical cap and circular disc are compared with a spherical shape under otherwise identical conditions. The results show that drag experienced by spherical cap is lowest in comparison to other considered shapes at low Reynolds numbers. However, this trend gets reversed at high inertial flow (
Re
= 100). Although, the heat transfer rate in the case of spherical cap is observed to be higher than that of the circular disc and sphere. Especially, at
Re
= 1 rate of heat transfer from spherical cap is ~3 times higher than the sphere. Furthermore, correlations have been proposed for drag coefficient and average Nusselt number over the range of Reynold number 1 ≤
Re
≤ 100 incorporating both the non-spherical shapes along with a sphere thereby enabling interpolation for the intermediate values in the various applications.
PDF
