A comprehensive model was developed to simulate gasification of pine sawdust in the presence of both air and steam. The proposed model improved upon the premise of an existing ASPEN PLUS-based ...biomass gasification model. These enhancements include the addition of a temperature-dependent pyrolysis model, an updated hydrodynamic model, more extensive gasification kinetics and the inclusion of tar formation and reaction kinetics. ASPEN PLUS was similarly used to simulate this process; however, a more extensive FORTRAN subroutine was applied to appropriately model the complexities of a Bubbling Fluidized Bed (“BFB”) gasifier. To confirm validity, the accuracy of the model's predictions was compared with actual experimental results. In addition, the relative accuracy of the comprehensive model was compared to the original base-model to see if any improvement had been made.
Results show that the model predicts H2, CO, CO2, and CH4 composition with reasonable accuracy in varying temperature, steam-to-biomass, and equivalence ratio conditions. Mean error between predicted and experimental results is calculated to range from 6.1% to 37.6%. Highest relative accuracy was obtained in CO composition prediction while the results with the least accuracy were for CH4 and CO2 estimation at changing steam-to-biomass ratios and equivalence ratios. When compared to the original model, the comprehensive model predictions of H2 and CO molar fractions are more accurate than those of CO2 and CH4. For CO2 and CH4, the original model predicted with comparable or better accuracy when varying steam-to-biomass ratio and equivalence ratios but the comprehensive model performed better at varying temperatures.
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•A comprehensive kinetic model was developed to include pyrolysis and tar reactions.•The highest accuracy was obtained in CO and H2 compositions predicted by the model.•Reaction temperature had the greatest overall influence on H2 production.•Mass transfer limitations showed a non-negligible effect on the CO/CO2 ratio.•CH4 is highly dependent on biomass decomposition in pyrolysis before gasification.
Vulvodynia, vulvar pain of unknown origin lasting at least 3 months, affects 7% of American women. Dyspareunia, its frequent companion, renders sexual intercourse virtually impossible. Although few ...therapies are efficacious and rapid pain relief is rarely possible, there have been no sham/placebo-controlled studies of acupuncture for vulvodynia. Aims are to: 1) determine efficacy of acupuncture for vulvodynia, 2) explore duration of the acupuncture effect.
In a pretest/posttest randomized controlled, double-blind (practitioner-patient) efficacy trial of a standardized acupuncture protocol, we will randomize 80 participants 1:1 to either penetrating needle or skin-touch placebo needle groups. Both types of needles are designed to blind both the acupuncturist and participant. Participants with vulvodynia will insert and remove a tampon as a standardized stimulus and complete primary measures of vulvar pain (pain intensity) and secondary measures of dyspareunia (Female Sexual Function Index, FSFI dyspareunia subscale score) and sexual function (FSFI total score) pretreatment, after the 10th acupuncture session, and pain measures weekly until return to pretest levels. Upon study completion control group participants will be offered 10 free real acupuncture sessions.
This is the first multi-needle multi-session RCT using double-blind acupuncture needles as a reliable sham. We hypothesize that controlling for baseline, at posttest there will be statistically significant less vulvar pain and dyspareunia and more sexual function over five weeks in the penetrating needle group compared to the skin touch placebo group.
This study is responsive to the need for efficacious pain management for women with vulvodynia.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03364127.
The biology of the naked mole-rat Sherman, Paul W; Jarvis, Jennifer U.M; Alexander, Richard D
2017., 20170314, 2017, 1991, 2017-03-14, Letnik:
54
eBook
This volume brings together more than a decade of information collected in the field and lab on the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), a northeast African mammal unique for its physical ...characteristics and eusociality. Nearly blind and virtually hairless, naked mole-rats inhabit large subterranean colonies in which only one female and her one to three mates conceive offspring, while the young from previous litters maintain and defend the group as do workers in colonies of the social insects. In this first major treatise on naked mole-rats an international group of researchers covers such topics as the evolution of eusociality, phylogeny and systematics of the rodent family Bathyergidae, population and behavioral ecology and genetics of naked mole-rats in the field, vocal and nonvocal behaviors, social organization and divisions of labor within colonies, and climatic, social, and physiological factors affecting growth, reproduction, and reproductive suppression. In addition to the editors, the contributors are D. H. Abbott, M. W. Allard, N. C. Bennett, R. A. Brett, S. H. Braude, B. Crespi, S. V. Edwards, C. G. Faulkes, L. M. George, R. L. Honeycutt, E. A. Lacey, C. E. Liddell, E. McDaid, K. Nelson, K. M. Noonan, J. O'Riain, J. W. Pepper, H. K. Reeve, and D. A. Schlitter.
Originally published in .
ThePrinceton Legacy Libraryuses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that usually arises on the basis of a complex genetic predisposition. The most significant susceptibility region in the first whole genome screen of multiplex ...families was on chromosome 7q, although this linkage was evident only in UK IMGSAC families. Subsequently all other genome screens of non-UK families have found some evidence of increased allele sharing in an overlapping 40 cM region of 7q. To further characterize this susceptibility locus, linkage analysis has now been completed on 170 multiplex IMGSAC families. Using a 5 cM marker grid, analysis of 125 sib pairs meeting stringent inclusion criteria resulted in a multipoint maximum LOD score (MLS) of 2.15 at D7S477, whereas analysis of all 153 sib pairs generated an MLS of 3.37. The 71 non-UK sib pairs now contribute to this linkage. Linkage disequilibrium mapping identified two regions of association-one lying under the peak of linkage, the other some 27 cM distal. These results are supported in part by findings in independent German and American singleton families.
Tryptase is a serine protease implicated in the etiology of asthma. Screening of in-house inhibitors of factor Xa (a closely related serine protease) identified β-amidoester benzamidines as potent ...inhibitors of recombinant human βII tryptase. X-ray structure driven template modification and exchange of the benzamidine to optimize potency and pharmacokinetic properties gave selective, potent and orally bioavailable 4-(3-aminomethyl phenyl)piperidinyl-1-amides
16.
Tryptase is a serine protease found almost exclusively in mast cells. It has trypsin-like specificity, favoring cleavage of substrates with an arginine (or lysine) at the P1 position, and has optimal catalytic activity at neutral pH. Current evidence suggests tryptase β is the most important form released during mast cell activation in allergic diseases. It is shown to have numerous pro-inflammatory cellular activities in vitro, and in animal models tryptase provokes broncho-constriction and induces a cellular inflammatory infiltrate characteristic of human asthma. Screening of in-house inhibitors of factor Xa (a closely related serine protease) identified β-amidoester benzamidines as potent inhibitors of recombinant human βII tryptase. X-ray structure driven template modification and exchange of the benzamidine to optimize potency and pharmacokinetic properties gave selective, potent and orally bioavailable 4-(3-aminomethyl phenyl)piperidinyl-1-amides.
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A new series of novel mast cell tryptase inhibitors is reported, which features the use of an indole structure as the hydrophobic substituent on a
m-benzylaminepiperidine template. ...The best members of this series display good in vitro activity and excellent selectivity against other serine proteases.
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In this manuscript, the synthesis and SAR evaluation of a novel pyrazinone class of tryptase inhibitors is described. Chemical optimization of the P1 and P4 groups led to the ...identification of
7p (
K
i
=
93
nM) as a potent inhibitor of mast cell tryptase.
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