Yersinia enterocolitica is one of the priority biological hazards in pork inspection. Persistence of the pathogen, including strains resistant to antimicrobials, should be evaluated in pigs from ...different housing systems for risk ranking of farms. In this 2019 study, tonsils were collected from 234 pigs, of which 69 (29.5%) were fattened on 3 big integrated farms, 130 (55.5%) on 10 medium-sized farms, and 35 (15%) on 13 small family farms. In addition, 92 pork cuts and minced meat samples from the same farms were tested for the presence of Y. enterocolitica using the culture method. Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the isolates were compared with previously collected isolates from 2014. The overall prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in pig tonsils was 43% 95% CI 36.7−49.7. In pigs from big integrated, medium-sized, and small family farms, the prevalence was 29%, 52%, and 40%, respectively. All retail samples of portioned and minced pork tested negative for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica, likely due to high hygienic standards in slaughterhouses/cutting meat or low sensitivity of culture methods in these matrices. The highest recovery rate of the pathogen from tonsils was found when alkali-treated PSB and CIN agar were combined. The biosecurity category of integrated and medium farms did not affect the differences in prevalence of Y. enterocolitica (p > 0.05), in contrast to family farms. Pathogenic ail-positive Y. enterocolitica biotype 4 serotype O:3 persisted in the tonsils of pigs regardless of the type of farm, slaughterhouse, and year of isolation 2014 and 2019. PFGE typing revealed the high genetic concordance (80.6 to 100%) of all the Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 isolates. A statistically significant higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 isolates was detected in the tonsils of pigs from big integrated farms compared to the other farm types (p < 0.05), with predominant and increasing resistance to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. This study demonstrated multidrug resistance of the pathogen in pigs likely due to more antimicrobial pressure on big farms, with intriguing resistance to some clinically relevant antimicrobials used in the treatment of yersiniosis in humans.
Breeding mice positive for Myocoptes musculinus and Myobia musculi were treated with ivermectin in doses of 200 μg/kg of body weight (6μl of active substance) as a spot application on the back of the ...neck. Application was repeated three times in seven-day intervals. Different development forms (adults, nymphs, larvae, and eggs) were observed in groups of adult and young mice before the treatment as well as during and after the treatment. Before treatment, the fur pluck technique and sticky paper technique (sampling from two different places: from back and abdomen) were evaluated. The fur pluck technique was used as the gold standard. The sticky paper technique has 91.5 to 93.2 % sensitivity for Myocoptes musculinus and 10.8 to 13.5 % for Myobia musculi. We observed that Myobia musculi place eggs next to the skin, on the bases of two or more hairs together; consequently, the sampling is not always satisfactory. The effectiveness of therapy with ivermectin for Myocoptes musculinus and Myobia musculi was shown after the second treatment. Before the treatment, as well as during and after the treatment, a significantly higher percentage of positive mice was observed among old than in young ones. After the third treatment, adults and developmental stages (eggs, larvae, and nymphs) were still found only in Myocoptes musculinus. Almost all eggs of Myocoptes musculinus and Myobia musculi were drained and damaged after the third treatment.
Agencija za plaćanja u poljoprivredi, ribarstvu i ruralnom razvoju osnovana je Zakonom o osnivanju Agencije za plaćanja u poljoprivredi, ribarstvu i ruralnom razvoju kao javna ustanova radi ...operativne provedbe mjera tržišne i strukturne potpore u poljoprivredi, ribarstvu i ruralnom razvoju koja ima za cilj razvoj i održivost poljoprivredne stočarske proizvodnje. Za provođenje tih mjera, po uzoru na legislativu EU, u Hrvatskoj je 2011. godine uspostavljen Integrirani administrativni i kontrolni sustav (IAKS) s ciljem točne identifikacije podnositelja zahtjeva i praćenja rezultata kontrola na terenu. Na odabranim poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima kontrola na terenu provodi se temeljem analize rizika i slučajnim odabirom. U ovom radu prikazano je istraživanje i analiza podataka o provedenim kontrolama na terenu od 2011. do 2018. godine. Ukupno je obrađeno i analizirano 17.344 rezultata provedene kontrole na terenu, tj. pregledanih gospodarstva. Analizom podataka o provedenim kontrolama na terenu na gospodarstvima ustvrđeno da je udio nesukladnosti u pregledanom uzorku gospodarstava u 2018. godini bio veći (79,83 %) nego 2011. godine (66,46 %). Statistički značajno manji broj nesukladnosti ustanovljen je tijekom 2015. i 2016. godine. Udio nađenih nesukladnosti u pojedinim županijama kretao se od 37,29 % u Krapinsko-zagorskoj župainji pa do 75,69 % u Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj župaiji. U 12 županija u području centralne i zapadne Hrvatske i Slavonije i Baranje, nađene su nesukladnosti na 50 % do 65 % gospodarstava. Porast nesukladnosti životinja može se objasniti kombinacijom faktora rizika, koja se određuje iznova prije svake kontrolne godine, temeljem analize učinkovitosti faktora rizika iz prošlih godina te uvođenjem praćenja novih parametara vezanih za dobrobit životinja, kratkoćom vremena za prilagodbu i nedostatnom edukacijom poljoprivrednika.
Anaplazmoza je vektorski prenosiva zoonoza koja ima javnozdravstveno značenje i koja se svrstava u skupinu emergentnih bolesti. Prouzročena je vrstom Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a prenosi se preko ...krpelja. Dokazana je u 39 zemalja svijeta kao i u Hrvatskoj te je uz babeziozu najprisutnija bolest koju prenose krpelji, a izaziva i velike ekonomske gubitke. Utvrđena zemljopisna rasprostranjenost A. phagocytophilum obuhvaća Ameriku, Europu, Afriku i Aziju. Međutim, oboljenja ljudi uglavnom se javljaju u Sjevernoj Americi, dok se u Europi i Aziji rijetko prijavljuju. Epidemiološke studije u Europi sugeriraju povećani profesionalni rizik od infekcije za radnike u šumarstvu, lovce, veterinare i poljoprivrednike koji imaju povijest uboda krpelja, a žive u endemskim područjima. Zbog toga anaplazmoza predstavlja javnozdravstveni problem. Iako je ukupna genetska raznolikost A. phagocytophilum u Europi veća nego u SAD-u, sojevi odgovorni za infekciju ljudi srodni su na oba kontinenta. Genetska varijabilnost i procjena razlike patogenosti i infektivnosti između sojeva za različite domaćine do danas nisu dovoljno istraženi. Međutim, iako je broj radova koji opisuju genetsku varijabilnost anaplazme sve veći, još uvijek je nedovoljno podataka za razumijevanje geografske distribucije i prijemljivosti domaćina na pojedine sojeve, a nedovoljno je istražena i povezanost patogenosti i infektivnosti sojeva za različite vrste domaćina. U Hrvatskoj postoji veći broj radova koji se bave istraživanjima bolesti koje se prenose vektorima i uglavnom usmjerena na istraživanja domaćih životinja, poglavito pasa, dok je populacija divljih životinja, uključujući divlje kanide, još uvijek nedovoljno istražena. Radi toga su potrebne daljnje studije da bi se utvrdila prevalencija i distribucija A. phagocytophilum kao vektorski prenosivog uzročnika u divljih kanida i njihovih ektoparazita.
Od početka svjetske gospodarske recesije 2008. godine pa i uoči nje, praćene su promjene gospodarskih pokazatelja u veterinarskim stanicama i ambulantama. Neki autori su u nekoliko navrata pisali o ...potencijalnim uzrocima i posljedicama krize na poslovanje veterinarskih organizacija. U žarištu interesa bilo je više pokazatelja od kojih su tri praćena u ovom istraživanju. To su: prosječna neto plaća, broj zaposlenih i ukupni prihod. Oni su prikazani za razdoblje od 2003. do 2017. godine. Radi stjecanja jasnijeg uvida u okolnosti u kojima su poslovale, našu smo pažnju proširili i na općenitije pokazatelje gospodarske aktivnosti na razini ukupnog gospodarstva (bruto domaći proizvod, jav- ni dug, zaposlenost, broj i dobna struktura stanovništva, uvoz i izvoz) i poljoprivrede kao bitne odrednice aktivnosti veterinarskih organizacija. Naime, rezultati istraživanja pojedinih autora pokazuju da je recesija više naštetila veterinarstvu negoli ukupnom gospodarstvu pa smo željeli u široj ekonomskoj slici uočiti naznake buduće gospodarske stvarnosti i upozoriti na njih. S obzirom na to da su gospodarski trendovi potaknuti i vođeni potrebama ljudi, demografski podatci mogu pomoći pri otkrivanju makro i mikro trendova. Zato smo u promatranje uključili i demografske pokazatelje. Ukupni prihod i broj zaposlenih u veterinarskim stanicama smanjivali su se, dok su plaće lagano rasle do 2008. a zatim stagnirale. U veteri- narskim ambulantama, za razliku od stanica, svi pokazatelji su rasli, no u godinama nakon početka recesije plaće su uglavnom stagnirale ili lagano padale. U 2017. godini zabilježen je lagani porast neto plaća i u veterinarskim stanicama i u veterinarskim ambulantama. Zabilježene promjene u kretanju poljoprivrednih i općih demografskih i gospodarskih trendova poput: bitnog smanjenja broja reproduktivnih životinja i proizvodnje mlijeka i jaja, starenja ljudske populacije i smanjenja nataliteta, stalno rastućeg uvoza hrane i pića i uvoza općenito te uočena jaka korelacija između duga i broja stanovnika, i rastući pritisak na novo zaduživanje upućuju na izvjesnu daljnju stagnaciju ili smanjivanje gospodarskih aktivnosti veterinarskih organizacija. Porast proizvodnje bio je najizraženiji u broju košnica i proizvonji meda, u uzgoju ovaca i konja te tovu pilića. Evidentno je da su se najviše smanjivale one stočarske proivodnje koje zahtijevaju više vještine, potrošenog vremena i intenzivnijeg rada, dok su porasle one koje traže manje rada i jednostavnije postupke. Struktura proizvodnje prilagođavala se potrebama i mogućnostima koje proizlaze iz strurkture radne snage.
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to detect the presence of maedi visna virus (MVV) infections in sheep in three counties in southwestern Croatia: Istria County, Primorje-Gorski Kotar ...County and Lika-Senj County, and to estimate the influence of geographical location, breed, age and gender as risk factors on the prevalence rate. A total of 460 randomly selected sheep were tested using a commercially available ID Screen® MVV/CAEV Indirect screening test, VISNAS-5P (ID.VET, Grabels France) for detection of antibodies against the Maedi-Visna virus. The prevalence rate for the entire population was 10.00 % (95 % 7.26 - 12.74 %), The highest seroprevalence of MVV was found in Istria County (19.02%, CI 95% 13.35 –24.70%), followed by Lika-Senj County (5.43 %, CI 95 % 2.17- 8.70) and Primorje-Gorski Kotar County (1.07 %, CI 95 % -1.03 – 3.17) (P<0.01). When comparing the seroprevalence among breeds, statistically significant differences were observed. The largest number of positive sheep was found in the following breeds: Istrian Pramenka (22.97%, CI 95% 13.39 - 32.55%), Jezersko-Solcava sheep (23.53%, CI 95% 11.89 - 35.17%%), Pramenka (13.16%, CI 95% 2.41 - 23.91%) and Lika sheep (9.78%, CI 95% 3.71- 15.85%). Prevalence rates in other examined breeds (Krk sheep, Pag sheep and Romanov sheep) were lower than 2 % (P<0.01). No statistically significant differences in seroprevalence between sex and age were found. According to risk estimation, the main risk factors were found to be geographical location and breed. In Istria County, seroprevalence was 4.77 ( CI 95 % 2.67 – 8.54) higher than in other examined areas (OR = 5.66, CI 95 % 2.97-10.79) (P<0.01). As for breeds, significant differences were observed between Jezersko-Solcava sheep and Lika sheep (OR = 2.84, CI 95% 1.13-7.14) and Istrian Pramenka in relation to Pag sheep (OR 22.51,, CI 95% 16.99-119.73), Krk sheep (OR 19.53, CI 95% 5.80-108.27), and Lika sheep (OR 2.35, CI 95% 1.17-6.47). This cross-section study indicates the circulation of MVV in this sheep population in Croatia, and represents the first research into the risk factors for MVV in sheep in southwestern Croatia.
In this study we investigated the presence of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) antibodies and antigens in a dairy cow herd that had reported clinical signs related to BVDV infection. The aim of ...the study was to confirm BVDV infection on the dairy farm with 1500 Holstein-Friesian cattles, and genetically analyse the BVDV type/s circulating in the herd. Serum samples (n=233) were collected from clinically infected cattles and tested for the presence of BVDV antibodies and antigens. The virus neutralization test showed that 194 out of 233 sera of the tested cows were positive (83.26%), and by Ab-ELISA 203 sera samples of the tested cows were shown to be positive (87.12%). The presence of antigens was proven with the Ag-ELISA test in 2 out of 233 samples (0.86%). After RT-PCR and phylogenetic analysis of two BVD virus isolates, it was found that both isolates belonged to genotype 1, subtype BVDV-1d. This is the first time that the BVDV-1d subtype has been confirmed in Croatia, although the BVDV-1b and BVDV-1f subtypes have been detected previously on Croatian dairy farms.
Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are food-borne parasites of global importance. In eastern Europe only fragmented information is available on the epidemiology of these zoonotic parasites in humans ...and animal populations. In particular for T. solium, on-going transmission is suspected. The aim of this systematic review was to collect the available data and describe the current knowledge on the epidemiology of T. solium and T. saginata in eastern Europe.
Literature published in international databases from 1990 to 2017 was systematically reviewed. Furthermore, local sources and unpublished data from national databases were retrieved from local eastern European experts. The study area included 22 countries.
Researchers from 18 out of the 22 countries provided data from local and unpublished sources, while no contacts could be established with researchers from Belarus, Kosovo, Malta and Ukraine. Taeniosis and human cysticercosis cases were reported in 14 and 15 out of the 22 countries, respectively. Estonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia, and Slovakia reported cases of porcine cysticercosis. Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine reported bovine cysticercosis.
There is indication that taeniosis and cysticercosis are present across eastern Europe but information on the occurrence of T. solium and T. saginata across the region remains incomplete. Available data are scarce and species identification is in most cases absent. Given the public health impact of T. solium and the potential economic and trade implications due to T. saginata, notification of taeniosis and human cysticercosis should be implemented and surveillance and notification systems in animals should be improved.
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