Abstract The article contributes to the discussion of writing at the master’s level by investigating metaphors underlying the process of writing a master’s thesis from the perspective of graduate ...students. The analysis focuses on the use of metaphors in semi-structured interviews conducted with graduate students who defended their thesis and reflected on the whole process. Their metaphor use is non-elicited and this rhetorical device is spontaneously used showing that thesis writers conceptualize their research and all it entails in metaphorical terms to a significant extent. Despite the fact that thesis writers themselves were not encouraged to pay attention to or use metaphorical language, their narratives reveal the interplay of metaphors when describing the writing process.
This paper aimed to investigate metaphorical images used by master’s students in order to gain an insight into their schemata for thinking about the process of master’s thesis writing. Semistructured ...interviews on the topic of master’s thesis writing with three students coming from humanities, social sciences and natural sciences served as a corpus from which the data were extracted. The paper analysed participants’ unconscious use of metaphorical language in their narratives, mirroring their perception of the thesis writing process. The results revealed that the participants’ personal experience revolves around the concept of journey as the central image they share and the journey metaphor, along with a group of related specific metaphors, serves to illustrate the complexity of the writing process itself.
The paper explores the existence of cognitive linguistics principles in translation of emotion-related metaphorical expressions. Cognitive linguists (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Lakoff, 1987) define ...metaphor as a mechanism used for understanding one conceptual domain, target domain, in terms of another conceptual domain, source domain, through sets of correspondences between these two domains. They also claim that metaphor is omnipresent in ordinary discourse. Cognitive linguists, however, also realized that certain metaphors can be recognized and identified in different languages and cultures whereas some are language- and culture-specific. This paper focuses on similarities and variations in metaphors which have recently become popular within the discipline of Translation Studies. Transferring and translating metaphors from one language to another can represent a challenge for translators due to a multi-faceted process of translation including both linguistic and non-linguistic elements. A number of methods and procedures have been developed to overcome potential difficulties in translating metaphorical expressions, with the most frequent ones being substitution, paraphrase, or deletion. The analysis shows the transformation of metaphorical expressions from one language into another and the procedures involving underlying conceptual metaphors, native speaker competence, and the influence of the source language.
Tonometry is a method for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP). Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) represents a golden standard for measuring IOP. The measurement is conducted by measuring the ...force needed to straighten out a certain area of the cornea. Errors do occur when using the GAT method: inadequate shape and arrangement of fluorescent pictures, bulbar pressure, wrong calibration, astigmatism, corneal pathology (edema, distortion, central corneal thickness), body posture, obesity, the Valsalva maneuver. Modifications of Goldmann's applanation tonometry are methods by Dreger, Perkins and Halberg. Alternative ways to measure IOP are: the digital method and the impression method using Schiotz tonometer. The dynamic contact tonometry(DCT, PASCAL) uses contact, but is a non-applanation method of measuring IOP. It is based on the matching shapes of the head of the tonometer and the cornea, enabling the head of the tonometer to take on the role of the bulbar sheath. Therefore, it directly measures the force transferred onto the bulbar sheath, which is the result of IOP. DCT is an ophthalmology device available commercially since 2004 that measures IOP directly by measuring dynamic pulsatile fluctuations in IOP using a piezoelectric sensor embedded into the tip that touches the cornea. Other tonometry methods are: a) pneumotonometry, b) Ocular Blood flow (OBF), c) non contact tonometry: Grolman's air tonometer, Air-puff tonometer, Ocular Response Analyser (ORA), d) Mackay-Marg electric tonometer, Tono-Pen, Proview Phosphene tonometer, Rebound tonometar. Goldmann applanation tonometry continues to be the golden standard in measuring IOP. It is exact, but not too precise. If more precise measurements are needed other methods of measuring IOP are available.
Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), a country rich in history and culture, has for centuries been at the crossroads between the West and the East, which has resulted in quite a mixture of cross-cultural ...elements that pose many obstacles for translators. As the issues of tourism-language translation have been relatively underexplored in BiH, this article attempts to investigate the extent to which the translators of tourism-related content available online succeeded in making the local color of architecture-related terms accessible to foreign visitors. The article also examines whether the issue of accessibility of local color was addressed adequately by local translators. Many formal and informal online sources were used for the selection of prominent cultural terms and their English translations, which were analyzed in terms of lexis and semantics. We identified many examples where the cultural content was made accessible to the target audience, as well as examples where the transfer of the cultural content was done less successfully. In cases where translators experienced difficulty while transferring cultural terms, we attempted to draw prospective translators’ attention to potential pitfalls in the process of cultural mediation in translation from BiH’s official languages into English. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, tourism online, mediation, (in)accessibility, local color, translation, architecture
The paper analyzes the elements of directionality in translation and its implication on the quality of translation from the second language into the first (L1 translation) and translation from the ...first language into the second (L2 translation). The traditional view of directionality in translation studies completely neglects L2 translation, often qualifyingit as impossible, inappropriate, etc. However, various studies conducted in European countries indicate that this type of translation is not only possible but highly needed, especially in the countries where less disseminated languages or languages of limited diffusion (LLDs)are spoken. The paper will first present the traditional standpoints and then provide the opposite views followed by the analysis of both types of translation. The results of this study show that both L1 and L2 translations are possible and that both directions include certain difficulties.
Acute exacerbation(s) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) tend to be critical and debilitating events leading to poorer outcomes in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ...(COPD) treatment modalities, and contribute to a higher and earlier mortality rate in COPD patients. Besides pro-active preventative measures intended to obviate acquisition of AECOPD, early recovery from severe AECOPD is an important issue in determining the long-term prognosis of patients diagnosed with COPD. Updated GOLD guidelines and recently published American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society clinical recommendations emphasize the importance of use of pharmacologic treatment including bronchodilators, systemic steroids and/or antibiotics. As a non-pharmacologic strategy to combat the effects of AECOPD, noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is recommended as the treatment of choice as this therapy is thought to be most effective in reducing intubation risk in patients diagnosed with AECOPD with acute respiratory failure.
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent chronical non-communicable diseases and is a huge public health problem. Diabetic nephropathy is a microvascular complication of both insulin dependant ...and insulin independent diabetes mellitus and is characterized by persistent proteinuria, accompanied by hypertension and retinopathy, but without urinary tract infection, other kidney disease or heart failure. According to the newest Annual report on dialysis treatment and transplant surgery in Serbia for the year 2015, hypertension and diabetic nephropathy were the most common causes of terminal renal failure (51.5%); the percentage of new diabetic patients was 22.6%. About 2/3 of all patients diagnosed with manifested diabetic nephropathy die of cardiovascular disease even before their kidney disease progresses to the final stage of renal insufficiency. Risk factors for the development of diabetic nephropathy are: gender, age, genetic factors, hyperglicemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypoprotein nutrition and smoking. Diabetic nephropathy shall not develop if there is no hyperglicemia, regardless of genetic predisposition and all other risk factors. The phases of development of diabetic nephropathy are: glomerular hyperfiltration, latent phase, mycroalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, chronic kidney disease development. The most important measures of prevention for diabetic nephropathy are: maintenance of glicemia and HbA1C < 7.0% as close as possible to the recommended target level ranges, blood pressure reduction and maintenance at the target range of 130/80, blocking the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, stopping smoking, avoiding nephrotoxic agents - NSAID, aminoglycoside antibiotics, radiocontrast media; treatment of hyperlipidemia, physical activity, weight reduction in overweight patients. The Steno 2 study emphasised the importance of a multifactorial approach to the prevention of proteinuria. It is expected that new drugs, that will affect certain growth factors, AGEs or reactive oxygen radicals, vasoactive factors which include endothelial receptor blockers, shall be efficient in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy.
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