Abstract
Bacteria of the genus
Streptomyces
have a linear chromosome, with a core region and two ‘arms’. During their complex life cycle, these bacteria develop multi-genomic hyphae that ...differentiate into chains of exospores that carry a single copy of the genome. Sporulation-associated cell division requires chromosome segregation and compaction. Here, we show that the arms of
Streptomyces venezuelae
chromosomes are spatially separated at entry to sporulation, but during sporogenic cell division they are closely aligned with the core region. Arm proximity is imposed by segregation protein ParB and condensin SMC. Moreover, the chromosomal terminal regions are organized into distinct domains by the
Streptomyces
-specific HU-family protein HupS. Thus, as seen in eukaryotes, there is substantial chromosomal remodelling during the
Streptomyces
life cycle, with the chromosome undergoing rearrangements from an ‘open’ to a ‘closed’ conformation.
Streptomyces are soil bacteria with complex life cycle. During sporulation Streptomyces linear chromosomes become highly compacted so that the genetic material fits within limited spore volume. The ...key players in this process are nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs). Among them, HU (heat unstable) proteins are the most abundant NAPs in the cell and the most conserved in bacteria. HupS, one of the two HU homologues encoded by the Streptomyces genome, is the best-studied spore-associated NAP. In contrast to other HU homologues, HupS contains a long, C-terminal domain that is extremely rich in lysine repeats (LR domain) similar to eukaryotic histone H2B and mycobacterial HupB protein. Here, we have investigated, whether lysine residues in HupS are posttranslationally modified by reversible lysine acetylation. We have confirmed that Streptomyces venezuelae HupS is acetylated in vivo. We showed that HupS binding to DNA in vitro is controlled by the acetylation. Moreover, we identified that CobB1, one of two Sir2 homologues in Streptomyces, controls HupS acetylation levels in vivo. We demonstrate that the elimination of CobB1 increases HupS mobility, reduces chromosome compaction in spores, and affects spores maturation. Thus, our studies indicate that HupS acetylation affects its function by diminishing DNA binding and disturbing chromosome organization.
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