We use 2009-2011 space-borne methane observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) to estimate global and North American methane emissions with 4 degree 5 degree and up to 50 km ...50 km spatial resolution, respectively. GEOS-Chem and GOSAT data are first evaluated with atmospheric methane observations from surface and tower networks (NOAA/ESRL, TCCON) and aircraft (NOAA/ESRL, HIPPO), using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model as a platform to facilitate comparison of GOSAT with in situ data. This identifies a high-latitude bias between the GOSAT data and GEOS-Chem that we correct via quadratic regression. Our global adjoint-based inversion yields a total methane source of 539 Tg a-1 with some important regional corrections to the EDGARv4.2 inventory used as a prior. Results serve as dynamic boundary conditions for an analytical inversion of North American methane emissions using radial basis functions to achieve high resolution of large sources and provide error characterization. We infer a US anthropogenic methane source of 40.2-42.7 Tg a-1, as compared to 24.9-27.0 Tg a-1 in the EDGAR and EPA bottom-up inventories, and 30.0-44.5 Tg a-1 in recent inverse studies. Our estimate is supported by independent surface and aircraft data and by previous inverse studies for California. We find that the emissions are highest in the southern-central US, the Central Valley of California, and Florida wetlands; large isolated point sources such as the US Four Corners also contribute. Using prior information on source locations, we attribute 29-44 % of US anthropogenic methane emissions to livestock, 22-31 % to oil/gas, 20 % to landfills/wastewater, and 11-15 % to coal. Wetlands contribute an additional 9.0-10.1 Tg a-1.
The arterial pulse-wave transit time can be measured between the ECG R-wave and the finger pulse (rPTT), and has been shown previously to have a linear correlation with blood pressure (BP). We ...hypothesized that the relationship between rPTT, preejection period (PEP; the R-wave/mechanical cardiac delay), and BP would vary with different vasoactive drugs. Twelve healthy men (mean age 22 yr) were studied. Beat-to-beat measurements were made of rPTT (using ECG and photoplethysmograph finger probe), intra-arterial radial pressure, PEP (using cardiac bioimpedance), and transit time minus PEP (pPTT). Four drugs (glyceryl trinitrate, angiotensin II, norepinephrine, salbutamol) were administered intravenously over 15 min, with stepped dosage increase every 5 min and a 25-min saline washout between agents. All subjects in all conditions had a negative linear correlation (R2 = 0.39) between rPTT and systolic BP (SBP), generally constant between different drugs, apart from four subjects who had a positive rPTT/SBP correlation with salbutamol. The 95% limits of agreement between measured and rPTT-predicted SBP were +/-17.0 mmHg. Beat-to-beat variability of rPTT showed better coherence with SBP variability than it did with heart rate variability (P < 0.001). PEP accounted for a substantial and variable proportion of rPTT (12-35%). Diastolic (DBP) and mean arterial BP (MAP) correlated poorly with rPTT (R2 = 0.02 and 0.08, respectively) but better with pPTT (rPTT corrected for PEP, R2 = 0.41 and 0.45, respectively). The 95% limits of agreement between measured and pPTT-predicted DBP were +/- 17.3 mmHg. In conclusion, the negative correlation between rPTT and SBP is generally constant, even with marked hemodynamic perturbations. However, the relationship is not reliable enough for rPTT to be used as a surrogate marker of SBP, although it may be useful in assessing BP variability. DBP and MAP cannot be predicted from rPTT without correction for PEP. The significant contribution of PEP to rPTT means that rPTT should not be used as a marker of purely vascular function.
Bulk and surface sensitive x-ray spectroscopic techniques are applied in tandem to show that the valence band edge for In2O3 is found significantly closer to the bottom of the conduction band than ...expected on the basis of the widely quoted bulk band gap of 3.75 eV. First-principles theory shows that the upper valence bands of In2O3 exhibit a small dispersion and the conduction band minimum is positioned at Gamma. However, direct optical transitions give a minimal dipole intensity until 0.8 eV below the valence band maximum. The results set an upper limit on the fundamental band gap of 2.9 eV.
ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of J0624–6948, a low-surface brightness radio ring, lying between the Galactic Plane and the large magellanic cloud (LMC). It was first detected at 888 MHz with the ...Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), and with a diameter of ∼196 arcsec. This source has phenomenological similarities to odd radio circles (ORCs). Significant differences to the known ORCs – a flatter radio spectral index, the lack of a prominent central galaxy as a possible host, and larger apparent size – suggest that J0624–6948 may be a different type of object. We argue that the most plausible explanation for J0624–6948 is an intergalactic supernova remnant due to a star that resided in the LMC outskirts that had undergone a single-degenerate type Ia supernova, and we are seeing its remnant expand into a rarefied, intergalactic environment. We also examine if a massive star or a white dwarf binary ejected from either galaxy could be the supernova progenitor. Finally, we consider several other hypotheses for the nature of the object, including the jets of an active galactic nucleus (30Dor) or the remnant of a nearby stellar super-flare.
The geometric and electronic structures of MoO3 and MoO2 have been calculated using the generalized gradient approximation to density functional theory. The calculated cross-section weighted ...densities of states are compared with high-resolution X-ray photoemission spectra. There is very good agreement between the calculated structures and those determined previously by X-ray diffraction and between the computed densities of states and the present photoemission measurements. MoO2 is shown to be a metallic material, as is found experimentally, but the Fermi level sits in a distinct trough in the density of states. Satellite peaks found in core photoemission spectra of MoO2 are shown to derive from final state screening effects in this narrow band metallic material.
The Arabian Shield preserves a protracted magmatic record of amalgamated juvenile terranes that host a diverse range of early Neoproterozoic to Cambrian granitoids intruding volcanosedimentary basin ...assemblages that have corollaries in other parts of the East African Orogen. New zircon U–Pb geochronology of 19 granitoids intruding eight Arabian Shield terranes, define four discrete magmatic events: island arc (∼845 Ma), syncollisional (∼710 Ma), post-tectonic (∼620 Ma) and anorogenic (∼525 Ma). Zircon Lu–Hf isotopic analyses indicate that all studied granitoids are juvenile with typical εHf values of >+5 to +10 and Stenian-Tonian (∼1100–900 Ma) model ages, regardless of their precise intrusive ages or spatial relationship. Subtle changes in isotopic signatures between ∼850 and 600 Ma, suggest the result from changes in granite source materials brought about by; basaltic underplating, limited crustal interaction with Palaeoproterozoic basement and a change to lithospheric delamination/subduction roll-back processes driving juvenile ANS crustal growth.
The cycle of granite intrusion reflects accretionary cycles initiated during Mozambique Ocean closure and during Gondwana amalgamation and final assembly. Post-tectonic magmatism is divided into a ∼636–600 Ma phase and post 600 Ma event that reflects first subduction and then within-plate related processes. The identification of magmatism at ∼525 Ma is now the youngest granitoid identified so far in the Saudi Arabian Shield and may change the identified age of the regional, basal Palaeozoic unconformity. This late magmatism may be generated by the Najd Fault reactivation correlating with the Malagasy/Kunnga Orogeny that marked the final stages of Gondwana assembly.
•449 Arabian zircons define 845, 710, 620, and 525 Ma discrete magmatic events.•Dated granitoids reflect accretionary cycles following Rodinian break-up.•525 Ma plutons follow the Cambrian unconformity and mark final Gondwana assembly.•270 Hf isotopic analyses suggest juvenile (εHf >+5) basaltic underplated crust.•Juvenile model ages of 1100–900 Ma suggest connection with Mozambique Ocean closure.
The hydromagnetic structure of a neutron star accreting symmetrically at both magnetic poles is calculated as a function of accreted mass, Ma, and polar cap radius, starting from a centred magnetic ...dipole and evolving through a quasi-static sequence of two-dimensional, Grad–Shafranov equilibria. The calculation is the first to track fully the growth of high-order magnetic multipoles, due to equatorward hydromagnetic spreading, while simultaneously preserving flux-freezing and a self-consistent mass–flux distribution. Equilibria are constructed numerically by an iterative scheme and analytically by Green functions. Two key results are obtained, with implications for recycled pulsars. (i) The mass required to reduce significantly the magnetic dipole moment, 10−5 M⊙, greatly exceeds previous estimates (∼10−10 M⊙), which ignored the confining stress exerted by the compressed equatorial magnetic field. (ii) Magnetic bubbles, disconnected from the stellar surface, form in the later stages of accretion (Ma≳ 10−4 M⊙).
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