The venue, in the Dixon Room overlooking the Domain, was superb, just the right size, and close to the stairs to the Mapping the Pacific exhibition and the newly refurbished Map display rooms. Dick ...Pflederer spoke on the context, history and navigational challenges of Magellan's crossing of the Pacific that demonstrated its vastness for the first time, and Catherine Akeroyd discussed the impacts of Magellan's exploration and the political, scientific and cultural influences on the representation of the Pacific in the centuries that followed. CONFERENCE PROGRAMME Wednesday 2 March 2022 9:45 - 10:00 Official Welcome / Dr John Vallance, NSW State Librarian 10:00 - 10:30 The Cartographic Search for a Southern Pacific Ocean Coastline / Robert Clancy 10:30- 11:00 Why Map Whales? / Stephen Martin (pre-recorded) Morning Tea 11:30- 12:00 "...To be Formed on Norfolk Island": how a Pacific paradise helped the survival of the penal colony of NSW / Ian Hoskins 12:00 - 12:30 Early Cartographic Visions of the Pacific / Catherine Akeroyd Lunch 1:30- 2:00 Positioning the Earth in the Eighteenth Century: mapping the cosmographical and terraqueous globes / Matthew Edney (via Zoom) 2:00 - 2:30 Navigating the Pacific: the Magellan Project and first traverse of the great ocean / Dick Pflederer 2:30 - 3:00 The French 'Discovery' of the Pacific: New Worlds in the South / Margaret Sankey Thursday 3 March 9:30-10:00 Marco Polo and Maps of the Sixteenth Century / Richard Pegg (via Zoom) 10:00 - 10:30 Magellan's Straits or Round the Horn?: the British discourse on passing from Atlantic to Pacific, 1670-1770 / Katherine Parker (via Zoom) 10:30 - 11:00 The Spanish Contribution to the Exploration and Mapping of the South Pacific (1770-75) at the Time of Captain James Cook: Knowledge exchange in the South Sea / Mirela Altic (via Zoom, but technical issues prevented connection) Morning Tea 11:30-12:00 The Conservation of the Tasman Map / Maggie Patton & Dana Kahabka 12:00 - 12:30 A Cultural History of the Tasman Map / Prof. Lynette Russell & Leonie Stevens Lunch 1:30- 2:00 Highlights from the Stokes Collection / Erica Persak (via Zoom) 2:00 - 2:30 Cook and the Pirates / Prof. Isabella Alexander & the Hon. Justice.
Abstract Three double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) of 2438 nts (A), 2588 nts (B), and 2744 nts (C), from a single isolate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were sequenced. All three sequences showed similarity ...to known mitoviruses, consisting of a single open reading frame (ORF) with the characteristic conserved motifs of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Mitochondrial malformations and reduced virulence and growth were associated with the presence of the dsRNAs. The terminal sequences of the (+) strand of the three dsRNAs could be folded into stem-loop structures and the inverted terminal complimentary sequences of dsRNA-A potentially form a panhandle structure. Sequence A showed 91.6% aa similarity to the previously described Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mitovirus 2 and was tentatively assigned the acronym SsMV2/NZ1. Sequences B and C showed only 16.4% similarity to each other and 15–48% aa similarity to the previously described mitoviruses and consequently appear to be new mitoviruses.
Mycoviruses (fungal viruses) are reviewed with emphasis on plant pathogenic fungi. Based on the presence of virus-like particles and unencapsidated dsRNAs, mycoviruses are common in all major fungal ...groups. Over 80 mycovirus species have been officially recognized from ten virus families, but a paucity of nucleic acid sequence data makes assignment of many reported mycoviruses difficult. Although most of the particle types recognized to date are isometric, a variety of morphologies have been found and, additionally, many apparently unencapsidated dsRNAs have been reported. Until recently, most characterized mycoviruses have dsRNA genomes, but ssRNA mycoviruses now constitute about one-third of the total. Two hypotheses for the origin of mycoviruses of plant pathogens are discussed: the first that they are of unknown but ancient origin and have coevolved along with their hosts, the second that they have relatively recently moved from a fungal plant host into the fungus. Although mycoviruses are typically readily transmitted through asexual spores, transmission through sexual spores varies with the host fungus. Evidence for natural horizontal transmission has been found. Typically, mycoviruses are apparently symptomless (cryptic) but beneficial effects on the host fungus have been reported. Of more practical interest to plant pathologists are those viruses that confer a hypovirulent phenotype, and the scope for using such viruses as biocontrol agents is reviewed. New tools are being developed based on host genome studies that will help to address the intellectual challenge of understanding the fungal-virus interactions and the practical challenge of manipulating this relationship to develop novel biocontrol agents for important plant pathogens.
To understand the effects of widespread urbanization and agricultural impacts on recovery of Salish sucker (Catostomus sp. cf. catostomus), a federally threatened catostomid endemic to the lower ...Fraser Valley of British Columbia, we assessed (i) the current extent and effects of hypoxia on the distribution of Salish sucker and juvenile salmonids, (ii) potential drivers of hypoxia, and (iii) management options for hypoxia mitigation. Over 40% of sucker critical habitat experiences hypoxia (dissolved oxygen (DO) < 4 mg*L.sup.-1) by late summer, indicating widespread noncompliance with water quality guidelines. The strong positive relationship between seasonal hypoxia and temperature (R.sup.2 = 0.53) and negative relationship with streamflow (R.sup.2 = 0.78) indicates that hypoxia is driven by a synergy among low summer flows, elevated temperatures, and high primary production associated with nutrient enrichment (eutrophication). Sucker show strong selection against high water temperatures and weaker negative selection against low DO; juvenile salmonids show very strong selection against both high temperatures and low DO. Climate projections for declining summer flows and elevated temperatures indicate worsening trends in DO without intensive watershed-scale management to reduce nutrient loads, maintain or increase flows, and riparian restoration to lower stream temperatures, control primary production, and inhibit growth of invasive reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea).
Professions like engineering were a vehicle for social mobility in Australia early in the twentieth century. By the late twentieth century, despite considerable expansions in higher education, it was ...much harder for young people to enter a trade and then to use their skills and experience to move into professional engineering. The shift in occupation structure in the early twentieth century, when professions - including engineering - grew rapidly, gave new opportunities to working-class tradespeople to move into professional employment. After the 1960s, when educational norms standardised and professional knowledge became more complex, these pathways narrowed. Motor mechanics, for example, were "trade" engineers who were able to move into professional engineering early in the twentieth century in ways that were extensively limited by the end of the century. This article uses engineering as a case study to consider institutional changes, including the growth of middle-class unions and the increased share of education carried by Australian universities, which made access to professional occupations more difficult for working-class tradespeople from the 1960s onwards. This helps us to identify the emergence of a new kind of class solidarity among professionals in the mid-twentieth century, with which they developed strategies to win rights for themselves, but sometimes at the expense of working-class interests.
Many modern crop varieties contain patented biotechnology traits, and an increasing number of these crops have multiple (stacked) traits. Fast and accurate determination of transgene levels is ...advantageous for a variety of use cases across the food, feed and fuel value chain. With the growing number of new transgenic crops, any technology used to quantify them should have robust assays that are simple to design and optimize, thereby facilitating the addition of new traits to an assay. Here we describe a PCR-based method that is simple to design, starts from whole seeds, and can be run to end-point in less than 5 minutes. Subsequent relative quantification (trait vs. non-trait) using capillary electrophoresis performed in 5% increments across the 0-100% range showed a mean absolute error of 1.9% (s.d. = 1.1%). We also show that the PCR assay can be coupled to non-optical solid-state nanopore sensors to give seed-to-trait quantification results with a mean absolute error of 2.3% (s.d. = 1.6%). In concert, the fast PCR and nanopore sensing stages demonstrated here can be fully integrated to produce seed-to-trait quantification results in less than 10 minutes, with high accuracy across the full dynamic range.
► Viewing pornography, managing finances, and shopping at work were rated abusive. ► Emailing and social networking at work were rated non-abusive. ► Potential termination and likely detection ...effectively deterred abusive behaviors. ► Potential termination, detection, and enforcement deterred non-abusive behaviors.
Cyberloafing has become a pervasive problem for many organizations and some researchers have suggested that a deterrence approach utilizing acceptable use policies for Internet-based applications coupled with mechanisms designed to monitor employee Internet usage and detect unauthorized usage can be an effective way to reduce it. However, the results of studies that have examined the effects of acceptable use policies and detection mechanisms on reducing cyberloafing are mixed. This study attempts to reconcile those inconsistencies by using an experiment to show that the deterrence model affects various types of cyberloafing differently. The results reveal that individually, threats termination and detection mechanisms are effective deterrents against activities like viewing pornography, managing personal finances, and personal shopping, but must be coupled together and actively enforced to dissuade activities like personal emailing and social networking.
Abstract A novel mycovirus tentatively assigned the name Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirus 2 (SsHV2/5472) was detected in the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The genome is 14581 ...nucleotides (nts) long, excluding the poly (A) tail. A papain-like cysteine protease (Pro), an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and a helicase (Hel) domain were detected in the polyprotein. Phylogenetic analysis based on multiple alignments of the aa sequence of the polyprotein placed it in a distinct clade from Alphahypovirus and Betahypovirus . The distinct aa sequence plus the fact that SsHV2/5472 possesses the longest reported genome for a hypovirus, suggests that SsHV2/5472 may represent a new genus in the family Hypoviridae . Eliminating SsHV2/5472 from S. sclerotiorum significantly increased the virulence of the protoplast virus-free derivative 5472-P5, although SsHV/5472-containing isolates showed significant variation in their virulence. In addition, membrane-bound vesicles (25–50 nm) were observed in ultrathin mycelial sections of SsHV2/5472 containing isolates but not in SsHV2/5472-free isolate.
Purpose
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be the prodromal phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD) where appropriate intervention might prevent or delay conversion to AD. Given this, there has been ...increasing interest in using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological testing to predict conversion from MCI to AD. Recent evidence suggests that the choroid plexus (ChP), neural substrates implicated in brain clearance, undergo volumetric changes in MCI and AD. Whether the ChP is involved in memory changes observed in MCI and can be used to predict conversion from MCI to AD has not been explored.
Method
The current study used data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database to investigate whether later progression from MCI to AD (progressive MCI pMCI, n = 115) or stable MCI (sMCI, n = 338) was associated with memory scores using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and ChP volumes as calculated from MRI. Classification analyses identifying pMCI or sMCI group membership were performed to compare the predictive ability of the RAVLT and ChP volumes.
Finding
The results indicated a significant difference between pMCI and sMCI groups for right ChP volume, with the pMCI group showing significantly larger right ChP volume (p = .01, 95% confidence interval −.116, −.015). A significant linear relationship between the RAVLT scores and right ChP volume was found across all participants, but not for the two groups separately. Classification analyses showed that a combination of left ChP volume and auditory verbal learning scores resulted in the most accurate classification performance, with group membership accurately predicted for 72% of the testing data.
Conclusion
These results suggest that volumetric ChP changes appear to occur before the onset of AD and might provide value in predicting conversion from MCI to AD.
Choroid plexus (ChP) volumes and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test—Immediate (RAVLT‐I) scores were compared between participants who later progressed from MCI to Alzheimer's disease (pMCI) and those who remained stable (sMCI). The right ChP was larger in the pMCI group, and the left ChP and RAVLT‐I were the best‐performing classifiers for predicting group membership.
In a map published in 1554 there appeared a lake, 'Lago de Chiamay', which was depicted as the source of four of the great rivers of South-East Asia. This lake continued to be a prominent feature on ...maps of the region for almost two hundred years, until geographical knowledge had grown to the point where belief in its existence could no longer be sustained, and it disappeared from the cartographic repertoire. The paper looks at the origins of the mythical lake, and the history of its cartographic evolution until its final demise.
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