•First report on chemical composition of Lavandula × intermedia ‘Budrovka’ essential oil.•Determined great similarities relating to composition of L. angustifolia essential oil.•Antimicrobial ...activity evaluated against 30 pathogens and spoilage bacteria and fungi.•Antibacterial and antifungal properties associated to linalool and linalyl acetate.
In the search for new natural resources with promising biological activity, chemical composition as well as antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from Croatian indigenous cultivar of lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia‘Budrovka’) were studied for the first time and compared with those of lavender (L. angustifolia) cultivated under the same pedo-climatic conditions of central Croatia. Forty compounds were identified in the studied Lavandula essential oils by GC–MS analysis. Linalool (57.1%), linalyl acetate (9.8%) and 1,8-cineole (8.4%) were the most abundant compounds of lavandin ‘Budrovka’ oil while lavender oil contained mainly linalool (54.0%), linalyl acetate (11.6%) and lavandulol (6.6%). Both essential oils were characterized by a very low amount of camphor (≤0.3%). The antimicrobial activities of two Lavandula essential oils and their dominant constituents were evaluated against 30 medically important pathogens and microbial contaminants of food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products using agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods. L. × intermedia ‘Budrovka’ essential oil showed a broad-spectrum of antibacterial (MICs 0.25–2.5 mg/mL) and antifungal (MICs 0.1–2 mg/mL) activities, being generally more than or at least as effective as those from L. angustifolia. Among the two dominant compounds which were also tested comparatively and found to exhibit antimicrobial effect, linalool has been pointed out as much more potent agent then linalyl acetate. Antioxidant studies based on DPPH assay indicated that the lavandin ‘Budrovka’ essential oil has significantly stronger antioxidant properties than lavender essential oil (IC50 21.6 mg/mL and 27.7 mg/mL, respectively). This study highlighted Croatian indigenous cultivar lavandin ‘Budrovka’ as a rich source of essential oil with pronounced antimicrobial properties due to abundance of linalool and indicated its potential use as biopreservative in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products or as natural remedy with promising health benefit.
The aim of this study was to establish the involvement of calcium signalling in genotoxicity, apoptosis and necrosis evoked by ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CTN) alone or in combination in porcine ...kidney PK15 cells. Cell proliferation test (MTT) and trypan blue assays (24 h) demonstrated that CTN (IC
50
= 73.5 ± 1.0, 75.4 ± 1.4 μM, respectively) was less toxic than OTA (IC
50
= 14.0 ± 2.4, 20.5 ± 1.0 μM, respectively). To test their cytotoxic interactions, two doses of single OTA (6 and 10 μM) and CTN (30 and 50 μM) and their combinations were applied. Combined treatment showed additive cytotoxic effects. OTA and CTN induced dose-dependent increase in cytosolic calcium level (assessed with Fura-2 AM). However, combined treatment did not provoke additional increase in calcium signal. The rate of apoptosis and necrosis (DAPI-antifade staining) was significantly higher after 12 h than 24 h, while the frequencies of micronuclei (MNs) and nuclear buds (NBs) were higher after 24 h than 12 h treatment. Combined exposure resulted in apoptotic and necrotic synergism, while genotoxic effects of OTA + CTN were noted as antagonistic or additive. Co-exposure of cells to calcium chelator BAPTA-AM significantly reduced CTN and OTA + CTN-evoked apoptosis. Twenty-four hour after co-exposure to BAPTA-AM and a single OTA and CTN, MNs significantly decreased while NBs dropped significantly after co-treatment with BAPTA-AM and OTA + CTN. In conclusion, disturbance of Ca
2+
homeostasis caused by OTA and CTN plays a significant role in cell genotoxicity and death.
This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. ‘Budrovka’, an indigenous Croatian cultivar of lavandin. For that purpose ...the activity of ethanolic extracts of flowers, inflorescence stalks and leaves against thirty one strains of bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes and moulds were studied using both the agar well diffusion and broth dilution assays. Among the investigated extracts found to be effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, the flower extract was considered to be the most potent one. Linalool and rosmarinic acid, as the most abundant constituents found, are very likely major contributors to the observed antimicrobial effects. The results suggest that flowers of lavandin ‘Budrovka’ could serve as a rich source of natural terpene and polyphenol antimicrobial agents.
Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species frequently contaminate crops. For this reason mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), and zearalenone (ZEA) are found ...in food and feed in a wide range of concentrations, depending on environmental and storage conditions. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed has been associated with acute and chronic poisoning and carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and co-occurrence of AFs (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ), OTA, FBs (B 1 +B 2 +B 3 ), and ZEA in 37 samples of cereals and feed randomly collected in 2007 from households of an endemic nephropathy (EN) area in Croatia. The mycotoxins were determined using the competitive direct ELISA test (CD-ELISA) in combination with thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The most frequent mycotoxin was ZEA (92%, mean 318.3 μg kg -1 ), followed by FBs (27%, 3690 μg kg -1 ), AFs (24.3%, 4.6 μg kg -1 ), and OTA (16.2%, 9.8 μg kg -1 ). Levels of AFs, ZEA, and FBs detected by CD-ELISA significantly correlated with the TLC results. However, only one OTA-positive sample was confirmed by TLC due to its high limit of detection. The levels of these mycotoxins were below the permissible limit for animal feed. Twenty-nine percent of cereals were contaminated with FBs, OTA, or ZEA in mass fractions above the permissible limit for humans. Co-occurrence of two toxins varied between 4.2% and 54% and of three between 4.2% and 7.6%. Prolonged co-exposure to AFs, OTA, FBs, and ZEA might increase the risk of various chronic diseases.
Vrste plijesni iz rodova Aspergillus, Penicillium i Fusarium _esti su kontaminanti usjeva te na takvim supstratima tvore mikotoksine. Stoga su žitarice i krmiva _esto kontaminirana aflatoksinima (AFs), okratoksinom A (OTA), fumonizinima (FBs) i zearalenonom (ZEA) u razli _itim koncentracijama ovisno o mikroklimatskim uvjetima na polju i u skladištu. Konzumiranje hrane kontaminirane mikotoksinima _esto je povezano s akutnim ili kroni _nim trovanjima, ali i s razvojem karcinoma. Cilj ovog rada bio je odrediti istodobnu pojavnost AFs (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ), OTA, FBs (B 1 +B 2 +B 3 ) i ZEA u uzorcima žitarica i krme (N=37) koji su nasumi _no skupljeni u individualnim domaćinstvima na podru _ju endemske nefropatije (EN) u Hrvatskoj (2007). Za određivanje navedenih mikotoksina korišten je kompetitivni direktni ELISA-test (CD-ELISA) u kombinaciji s tankoslojnom kromatografijom (TLC). Najzastupljeniji mikotoksin bio je ZEA (92 %, srednja koncentracija 318.3 μg kg -1 ), nakon _ega slijede FBs (27 %, 3690 μg kg -1 ), AFs (24.3 %, 4.6 μg kg -1 ) te OTA (16.2 %, 9.8 μg kg -1 ). Koncentracije AFs, FBs i ZEA određene CD-ELISA-testom statisti _ki zna _ajno koreliraju s rezultatima dobivenim s TLC. OTA je potvrđen metodom TLC samo u jednom uzorku zbog visokog limita detekcije. Dokazane koncentracije su ispod razina dopuštenih za krmiva, dok je 29 % uzoraka žitarica sadržavalo FBs, OTA ili ZEA u koncentracijama iznad dopuštenih u hrani za ljude. Kokontaminacija s dvama odnosno trima toksinima varirala je između 4.2 % i 54 % odnosno između 4.2 % i 7.6 %. Dugotrajni unos AFs, OTA, FBs i ZEA putem hrane može povećati rizik od razvoja razli _itih kroni _nih bolesti zbog njihova mogućega sinergisti _kog djelovanja.
Despite many hypotheses that have been challenged, the etiology of endemic nephropathy (EN) is still unknown. At present, the implications of aristolochic acid (AA) and mycotoxins (ochratoxin A-OTA ...and citrinin-CIT) are under debate. AA-theory is based on renal pathohistological similarities between Chinese herbs nephropathy (CHN) and EN, findings of AA-DNA adducts in EN and in patients with urinary tract tumors (UTT), as well as the domination of A:T®T:A transversions in the p53 mutational spectrum of UTT patients, which corresponds with findings of such mutations in AA-treated rats. However, exposure pathways of EN residents to AA are unclear. Experimental studies attempting to deduce whether nephrotoxins OTA and CIT appear at higher frequencies or levels (or both) in the food and blood or urine of EN residents support the mycotoxin theory. Also, some molecular studies revealed the presence of OTA-DNA adducts in the renal tissue of EN and UTT patients. In this review, data supporting or arguing against AA and mycotoxin theory are presented and discussed.
Fumonisin B1 Neurotoxicity in Young Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.) Kova _ić, Sanja (Department of Neurology, General Hospital Zabok, Zabok, Zagreb, Croatia); Pepeljnjak, Stjepan (Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia); Petrinec, Zdravko (Department for Biology and Pathology of Fishes and Bees, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia) ...
Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju,
12/2009, Letnik:
60, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
For years scientists have suspected that the environment plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Mycotoxin fumonisin B 1 ...(FB 1 ) is produced by several Fusarium species, mainly by Fusarium verticilioides, which is one of the most common fungi associated with corn worldwide. Fumonisins are known to cause equine leukoencephalomalacia, a disease associated with the consumption of corn-based feeds contaminated with FB 1 . Here we have reported chronic experimental toxicosis in one-year-old carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) receiving feed containing 100 mg kg -1 or 10 mg kg -1 of added FB 1 for 42 days. We focused on fumonisin toxicity in the fish brain. After staining with hemalaun-eosin, histology of the fish brain revealed vacuolated, degenerate, or necrotic neural cells, scattered around damaged blood capillaries and in the periventricular area. These findings suggest that fumonisin, although it is a hydrophilic molecule, permeated the blood-brain barrier of young carp and had a toxic effect on neuronal cells.
Odavno je poznato da okoliš ima važnu ulogu u razvoju neurodegenerativnih bolesti kao što su Alzheimerova i Parkinsonova bolest te multipla skleroza. Mikotoksin fumonizin B 1 (FB 1 ) tvori nekoliko vrsta Fusariuma, naj _ešće F. verticillioides, koja je naju _estaliji kontaminant kukuruza. Ovaj mikotoksin odgovoran je za leukoencefalomalaciju konja, mula i magaradi povezanu s konzumacijom kukuruza kontaminiranog s FB 1 . U ovom su radu prikazani rezultati kroni _ne eksperimentalne toksikoze mlađi šarana (Cyprinus carpio L.) koji su u hrani primali 100 mg kg -1 i 10 mg kg -1 FB 1 tijekom 42 dana. Nakon bojenja hemalaun-eozinom zabilježene su zna _ajne histopatološke promjene na mozgu životinja uklju _ujući vakuolizaciju, degeneraciju i nekrozu neurona, posebice u blizini oštećenih krvnih kapilara i u periventrikularnoj regiji. Ova saznanja pokazuju da FB 1 , kao hidrofilna molekula, prolazi kroz krvno-moždanu barijeru mladih šarana uzrokujući oštećenje neurona.
The antimicrobial activity of three propolis ethanol extracts (EEP) was examined for various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species, including multiple-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, ...Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. EEP had a good bactericidal activity against Gram-positive species, and all multiple-resistant bacterial strains tested were sensitive to EEP. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were lower in samples of higher flavonoid content (from 0.65 to 7.81 mg mL(-1)), indicating the influence of the concentration of some potent bactericidal compound(s) in propolis or synergism among some bactericidal compounds. Antimicrobial-guided separation of flavonoid aglycones (bioassay in situ on thin-layer chromatogram) showed that galangin (3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is one compound in EEP with bactericidal activity. Galangin was isolated by preparative chromatography. After determining the quantity present, the MIC against multiple-resistant bacteria was determined. The MIC of galangin against multiple-resistant bacterial strains was significantly lower (from 0.16 to 0.44 mg mL(-1), p < 0.05) than that of EEP. The bactericidal activity of galangin against P. aeruginosa strains was present at 0.17 +/- 0.05 mg mL(-1).
The objective of this study was to determine individual and combined effects of fumonisin B
1
(FB
1
), beauvericin (BEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) on porcine kidney epithelial PK15 cell survival by ...measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, apoptotic index and caspase-3 activity. Cells were treated with 0.05, 0.5 and 5 μg/ml of each mycotoxin or with the combinations of two or all three mycotoxins for 24 and 48 h. Changes in LDH and caspase-3 activity, and in apoptotic index showed that the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of these mycotoxins were concentration- and time- dependent. Significant increase of LDH activity was observed after 48 h of exposure to the highest concentration of FB
1
(45%), BEA (84%) and OTA (77%), as compared to control. OTA increased caspase-3 activity after 24 h of treatment with 0.5 μg/mL (84%), while BEA (319%) and FB
1
(419%) significantly affected this enzyme activity after 48 h (
P
< 0.05). Increase of caspase-3 activity preceded significant morphological apoptotic changes, which were detected after 48 h of exposure to a single toxin. Combined treatment with FB
1
, BEA and OTA resulted mostly in additive effects on LDH activity, and additive and synergistic effects on caspase-3 activity and apoptotic index.
This study aimed to evaluate the
in vitro
antibacterial and antifungal activities of
Lavandula
×
intermedia
Emeric ex Loisel. ‘Budrovka’, an indigenous Croatian cultivar of lavandin. For that purpose ...the activity of ethanolic extracts of flowers, inflorescence stalks and leaves against thirty one strains of bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes and moulds were studied using both the agar well diffusion and broth dilution assays. Among the investigated extracts found to be effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, the flower extract was considered to be the most potent one. Linalool and rosmarinic acid, as the most abundant constituents found, are very likely major contributors to the observed antimicrobial effects. The results suggest that flowers of lavandin ‘Budrovka’ could serve as a rich source of natural terpene and polyphenol antimicrobial agents.
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