A variant of Jensen’s operator inequality for convex functions, which is a generalization of Mercer’s result, is proved. Obtained result is used to prove a monotonicity property for Mercer’s power ...means for operators, and a comparison theorem for quasi-arithmetic means for operators.
In the hypothalamus, insulin takes on many roles involved in energy homoeostasis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine hypothalamic insulin expression during the initial phase of the ...metabolic response to fasting. Hypothalamic insulin content was assessed by both radioimmunoassay and Western blot. The relative expression of insulin mRNA was examined by qPCR. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the distribution of insulin immunopositivity in the hypothalamus. After 6‐h fasting, both glucose and insulin levels were decreased in serum but not in the cerebrospinal fluid. Our study showed for the first time that, while the concentration of circulating glucose and insulin decreased, both insulin mRNA expression and insulin content in the hypothalamic parenchyma were increased after short‐term fasting. Increased insulin immunopositivity was detected specifically in the neurons of the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus and in the ependymal cells of fasting animals. These novel findings point to the complexity of mechanisms regulating insulin expression in the CNS in general and in the hypothalamus in particular.
Short‐term fasting increased the expression of insulin mRNA and protein insulin content in the rat hypothalamus. Increased insulin immunopositivity was detected in NeuN‐positive cells of periventricular nucleus and in ependymal cells around the third ventricle.
A hybrid pixel particle-detector which does not require bump-interconnection is presented. The sensor signals are transmitted from the sensor to the readout chip using capacitive (AC) coupling. In ...order to facilitate the signal transmission, simple preamplifiers are implemented in the sensor pixels. The sensor chip with 100% fill-factor and in-pixel amplification is implemented in a standard high-voltage CMOS technology. Depleted high-voltage n -well/ p -substrate diodes are used as sensors. CMOS charge-sensitive amplifiers are placed inside the sensor-collecting electrodes ( n -wells) using twin-wells. The outputs of the preamplifiers are connected to transmitter electrodes implemented in the top metal-layer of the sensor chip. The inputs of the receivers in the readout chip are also connected to electrodes in the top metal-layer. When the readout chip is precisely flipped and glued onto the sensor chip, the sensor- and receiver electrodes form capacitors that allow AC signal transmission. The first test results obtained with a small test-matrix containing 14 times 14 pixels of 78 times 60 mum 2 -size are presented. Noise, threshold dispersion and radioactive source spectra are measured.
Hybrid pixel-detectors for the detection of elementary particles without bump-interconnections will be presented. The signals, generated in the sensor chip, are transmitted using capacitive coupling ...to the readout chip. In order to ease the capacitive signal transmission, an active pixel sensor has been used. The sensor chip is implemented in a standard CMOS high-voltage technology where lowly doped n-well in p-substrate diodes are used as pixel-sensors. CMOS in-pixel preamplifiers are implemented inside the n-wells. Experimental results obtained with two different hybrid detector prototypes will be presented.
We present a 16-channel self triggered readout chip for simultaneous time and energy measurement, suitable for a wide range of applications. All circuit elements required for detector readout are ...integrated on the chip. A fast, low-noise discriminator detects hits at the differential inputs. The events are time stamped with an electronic resolution of 15 ps (single channel rms). The timing range is virtually infinite by means of a coarse counter and an overflow indicator. In parallel to the time stamping of the discriminated input signal, the analog input is integrated during a programmable time window and digitized with 8-bit integral resolution. Readout is achieved through a simple serial protocol. Several chips can be synchronized by means of a built in PLL circuit locking to a common reference clock. The 3 times 3 mm 2 chip has been fabricated in 0.18 mum technology, employing a differential logic for all crucial parts. Possible applications of this ASIC are in the fields of high energy physics experiments, medical imaging, range finding, georadar and others.
A high-salt diet is one of the major risk factors in the development and maintenance of hypertension. Numerous experimental and observational studies have confirmed the association of sodium intake ...with blood pressure levels. The effects of a high-salt diet are related to the function of the renin-angiotensin system, which is normally suppressed by a high-salt diet. Endothelial dysfunction probably plays an important role in the influence of high sodium intake on blood pressure, although the exact mechanisms remain elusive. Genetic factors are known to be very important, and various consomic and congenic rat strains as animal models have proven to be very useful in bringing us a step closer to understanding the interaction between salt intake and hypertension. In this article, experimental data obtained in studies on animals and humans, as well as epidemiological data are reviewed.
The results of beam- and irradiation tests preformed on a monolithic particle pixel detector in high-voltage CMOS technology will be presented for the first time. All tested detectors are implemented ...in a
0.35
μ
m
technology, they utilize high-voltage n-well/p-substrate diodes as pixel sensors and rely on charge drift in diode depletion layers as the main signal generating mechanism. The detector prototype tested in the beam is a system on a chip that contains a 128×128 matrix with
21
×
21
μ
m
2
large pixels, source-follower based- rolling shutter readout and on-chip ADCs that digitize the signal amplitudes with 8-bit precision. Test beam measurements have been performed using EUDET infrastructure. The measured MIP cluster signals are typically 2200
e, spatial resolution approximately
7
μ
m
(RMS), signal-to-noise ratio of a single pixel is 12.3 and detection efficiency more than 85%. To test the radiation tolerance, several detector chips have been irradiated with neutrons up to 10
14
n
eq/cm
2 and with X-rays up to 500
kGy (50
Mrad), they are still functional and the experimental results obtained with these chips will be presented as well.
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