Multigigabit serial links implemented by means of static random access memory (SRAM)-based field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are extensively used in trigger and data acquisition systems of ...high-energy physics experiments. Their usage is mostly in areas without radiation, due to the sensitivity of FPGA configuration memory to single-event upsets. In order to use these links in radiation environments, some mitigation techniques can be used. In this article, we present a bidirectional link running at 6.25 Gbps implemented in Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGAs. Transferred data are protected against radiation effects by means of a Reed-Solomon (RS) code and symbol interleaving. Logic features triple modular redundancy in critical blocks. The design includes a custom scrubber based on majority voting of configuration frames. Our custom protocol can vary the protection level of the RS code to cope with different rates of radiation-induced transmission errors, trading off the available bandwidth for reliability. We present the test results carried out using fault injection and a 62-MeV proton beam at the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (Catania, Italy). We show the performance of the link in terms of mean time between failures and mean time between losses of lock.
The Level-1 barrel trigger of the ATLAS experiment is based on the resistive plate chambers (RPCs) detectors. The on-detector trigger electronics identifies muons with specific values of transverse ...momentum, by using coincidences between different layers of detectors. Trigger data are then transferred from on-detector to off-detector trigger electronics boards. Data are processed by a complex system, which combines trigger data from the barrel and the end-cap regions and provide the combined muon candidate to the central trigger processor (CTP). The system has been performing well for almost a decade. However, in order to cope with continuously increasing large hadron collider luminosity and more demanding requirements on trigger efficiency and performance, various upgrades for the full-trigger system were already deployed and others are foreseen in the next years. Most of the trigger upgrades are based on the state-of-the-art technologies and allow designing more complex trigger menus, increasing processing power and data transfer bandwidth in order to send more trigger candidates, to perform topological selections, and to support new physics studies. In this paper, we describe the design of the first prototype of the barrel interface board, designed around a Xilinx field-programmable gate array, which transfers RPC trigger data to the CTP system; the board supports the optical transmission of trigger data with fixed latency and new trigger algorithms. We discuss the design strategies, the hardware implementation, and the results of the first functional and integration tests.
CentOS Linux for the ATLAS MUCTPI Upgrade Spiwoks, R.; Armbruster, A.; Czodrowski, P. ...
IEEE transactions on nuclear science,
08/2021, Letnik:
68, Številka:
8
Journal Article
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A new Muon-to-Central-Trigger Processor Interface (MUCTPI) was built as part of the upgrade of the ATLAS Level-1 trigger system for the next Run of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The MUCTPI has ...208 high-speed optical serial links for receiving muon candidates from the muon trigger detectors. Three high-end field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are used for real-time processing of the muon candidates, for sending trigger information to other parts of the trigger system, and for sending summary information to the data acquisition and monitoring system. A System-on-Chip (SoC) is used for the control, configuration, and monitoring of the hardware and the operation of the MUCTPI. The SoC consists of an FPGA part and a processor system (PS). The FPGA part provides communication with the processing FPGAs, while the PS runs software for communication with the run-control system of the ATLAS experiment. In this article, we will describe our experience with running CentOS Linux on the SoC. Cross-compilation together with the existing framework for building the ATLAS trigger and data acquisition (TDAQ) software is being used in order to allow the deployment of the TDAQ software directly on the SoC.
Abstract We evaluated the possibility of preventing the evolution of endotoxin-mediated sepsis in severe septic shock using early treatment of critical endotoxemia with polymyxin-B direct ...hemoperfusion (PMX-DHP). Thirty-eight postsurgical patients who fulfilled at least 2 criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome were stratified on the basis of the value of the endotoxin activity assay. Seventeen patients who demonstrated high risk of endotoxin activity (≥0.6) received standard therapy plus PMX-DHP every 24 hours to lower the endotoxin activity level to less than 0.4, and the remaining 21 patients with endotoxin activity levels less than 0.6 received standard therapy only. Seven patients required 2 courses of PMX-DHP therapy, 8 required 3 courses, and 2 required 4 courses. After treatment, mean arterial pressure increased, from 69.00 mm Hg to 81.35 mm Hg ( P < .01); heart rate decreased, from 105.40 bpm to 78.12 bpm ( P < .01); white blood cell count decreased, from 20,700 cells/mm3 to 9740 cells/mm3 ( P < .01); arterial oxygen tension–fraction of inspired oxygen ratio increased, from 273.82 to 305.82 ( P < .01); and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score decreased, from 7 to 4 ( P < .01). Length of stay was longer for transplant recipients (16 days) than for other surgical patients (8½ days). All patients survived to 28-day follow-up, and 15 of 16 patients (94%) had survived at 60-day follow-up. Despite the small number of patients included in the study, the encouraging results suggest that PMX-DHP is a useful therapeutic strategy for lowering sepsis-related mortality.
Abstract Background The prognosis of pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) has been significantly improved by emergency orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Since 2004, the molecular adsorbent ...recirculating system (MARS) has been proposed as a bridging procedure. The aim of our study was to assess its efficacy in children with PALF. Patients and Methods Since 1999 we performed treatment of 39 fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) cases with MARS. Since September 2004 we treated 6 pediatric patients with FHF who were of mean age 10.6 years (range, 3–15 years) including 4 females and 2 males. In 3 cases the cause of FHF was unknown; in 2 cases, it was induced by paracetamol overdose; and in 1, by acute hepatitis B virus. Inclusion criteria were: bilirubin >15 mg/dL; creatinine ≥2 mg/dL; encephalopathy grade >II; and International normalized ratio (INR) >2.5. Other estimated parameters were: AST and ALT serum levels, lactate, and urine volume. Neurological status was monitored using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Continuous MARS treatment was performed in all patients with a kit change every 8 hours. Intensive care unit (ICU) treatment was applied to optimize regeneration and to prevent cardiovascular complications. Results We observed a significant improvement among levels of bilirubin ( P < .009), ammonia ( P < .005), creatinine ( P < .02), GCS ( P < .002), and predictive criteria and as Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease (PELD). Three children underwent OLT: 1 died after 5 days due to primary nonfunction and 2 children are alive after a median follow-up of 14 months. In 2 children the MARS treatment led to resolution of clinical status without liver transplantation. One child died before OLT due to sepsis and multiorgan failure. Conclusions We concluded that application of the MARS liver support device in combination with experienced ICU management contributed to improve the clinical status in children with PALF awaiting liver transplantation.
Abstract Invasive fungal infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for patients undergoing solid organ transplantation. Our aim was to evaluate the incidence of invasive fungal ...infections in solid organ recipients within a dedicated intensive care unit (ICU). Materials and Methods From May 2002 to May 2005, 278 patients undergoing solid organ transplantation (105 liver, 142 kidney, 20 lung, 2 combined liver-kidney, 9 combined pancreas-kidney) were admitted to our posttransplant intensive care unit. We retrospectively analyzed data obtained from the ICU stay. Fungal infection was defined by positivity of normally sterile biological samples and by elevated positivity of normally non sterile biological samples. We did not consider superficial fungal infections and asymptomatic colonizations. Results Forty-six patients (16.5%) developed a fungal infection; at least one mycotic agent was isolated from each patient. Candida albicans was the most common pathogen, isolated from 71 % of infected patients (33 of 46). Infected patients showed a mortality rate of 35%, while that for non infected recipients was 3.5%. Total length of ICU stay was the most significant risk factor among infected patients (30.26 days vs 5.04 days P < .0001). Mean time between transplantation and first positive samples was 6.17 days (SD 8.88). Conclusion Fungal infections in solid organ transplant patients are a major issue because of their associated morbidity and mortality. Candida albicans was the most common pathogen and total lenght of ICU stay was the most important risk factor.
Off-detector electronics in trigger and data acquisition systems of High-Energy Physics experiments is often implemented by means of SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Arrays, due their ...high-performance in real-time data processing and transfer. The usage of such devices on detector is mostly limited by their sensitivity to radiation-induced upsets in the configuration.
In this work, we describe a soft core for correcting these effects in Xilinx devices. The core does not require any external memory for hosting the golden configuration, yet it is able to correct the configuration of an assigned design and its own configuration. In order to prove the effectiveness of our solution, we report results from 62-MeV proton irradiation tests at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (Catania, Italy).
Abstract Background Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a syndrome that may occur after lung transplantation. In some cases of severe PGD, conventional therapies like ventilatory support, ...administration of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), and surfactant and intravenous prostacyclins are inadequate to achieve adequate gas exchange. The only lifesaving option is to use an extracorporeal membrane oxygenator. The Decapsmart is a new venovenous, low-flow extracorporeal device to removal carbon dioxide (CO2 ). It does not need a specialized staff. Herein we have presented a case report of a patient who underwent single lung transplantation and experienced respiratory failure. Methods On November 2007, a 52-year-old woman underwent a single right lung transplantation, and developed severe PGD in the postoperative period. After institution of conventional treatments, including ventilatory and hemodynamic support, iNO, and prostaglandine E1, we started treatment with Decapsmart to remove CO2 . Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were assessed at baseline and after 3, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Results No adverse events occurred. From baseline to 48 hours, pH values increased and partial pressure of CO2 reduced. At the same time ventilatory support was reduced, thereby mitigating barotrauma and risk of overdistension. Conclusion The use of Decapsmart may be an important aid for patients with severe respiratory acidosis in association with conventional therapy during the perioperative period after lung transplantation.
Abstract Cerebral dysfunction may be fatal in patients with acute liver failure (ALF); intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring may be mandatory to direct measures to prevent further cerebral edema. ...Recently the introduction of dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) has improved the outcomes among patients with ALF. The aim of this study was to evaluate ICP changes after MARS treatment among patients with ALF. Methods Three patients—14, 18 and 16 years old—were admitted to the ICU for acute liver failure induced by HBV in two cases and by acetaminophen in the other one. Because of Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) <8, they were intubated and ventilated to protect the airway and maintain moderate hypocapnia. Invasive monitoring of intracranial pressure MARS treatments were performed in all patients. Results The patients received MARS treatments every day after their admission to liver transplantation. After MARS therapy the ICP decreased on average from 21 to 7 mm Hg. Significant hemodynamic modifications were not observed and their neurogical conditions improved. Conclusion MARS treatment improved the clinical pictures of these patients increasing the available time to obtain an urgent liver graft.
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