Arboreal camera trapping is a burgeoning method providing a novel and effective technique to answer research questions across a variety of ecosystems, and it has the capacity to improve our ...understanding of a wide range of taxa. However, while terrestrial camera trapping has received much attention, there is little guidance for dealing with the unique challenges of working in the arboreal realm.
Our review draws on the expertise of researchers from six continents and the broader literature to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of arboreal camera trapping, and challenges to consider when using this technology. We also include mini‐guides with detailed information on the current arboreal camera trap literature, mounts used to install arboreal cameras, tree climbing pointers and safety tips, methods for deploying cameras without climbing, and tips for managing interference with camera function.
We find that arboreal camera traps have been most commonly used in the study of mammals in forests; however, there is potential for this method to be applied to a broad range of habitats including urban areas, and taxa such as birds, amphibians, invertebrates, and plants. Methods in arboreal camera trapping could be improved by developing a greater understanding of the factors affecting detection of species. The most common challenges of arboreal camera trapping are camera placement and camera site access. These can be overcome by understanding correct camera orientation, managing potential sources of interference in front of cameras, utilizing appropriate cameras mounts and training researchers properly.
Given the benefits and opportunities presented by arboreal camera trapping, it is likely to become an ever‐more popular method of studying arboreal species and systems. The information synthesized in this review provides guidance for future studies to help direct more reliable and robust ecological inferences from arboreal camera trapping.
Resumen
El fototrampeo arbóreo es un método emergente que brinda una técnica nueva y efectiva para responder a preguntas de investigación en una variedad de ecosistemas, y tiene la capacidad de mejorar nuestra compresión de una amplia gama de taxones. Sin embargo, mientras el fototrampeo terrestre ha recibido mucha atención, existen pocas pautas sobre cómo lidiar con los retos únicos de trabajar con cámaras en el ámbito arbóreo.
Nuestra revisión se basa en la experiencia de investigadores de seis continentes y en la literatura en general para evaluar las ventajas y desventajas del fototrampeo arbóreo y los retos a considerar al utilizar esta tecnología. También incluimos mini‐guías con información detallada sobre la literatura actual acerca del uso de cámaras trampa en los árboles, soportes utilizados para colocar las cámaras trampa, indicaciones y consejos para trepar árboles y acceder al dosel de manera segura, métodos para colocar las cámaras sin trepar y consejos para el manejo de interferencia en el funcionamiento de la cámara.
Nuestro estudio concluye que el fototrampeo arbóreo ha sido mayormente utilizado para el estudio de mamíferos en bosques. Sin embargo, esta metodología tiene el potencial de ser utilizada en un amplio rango de hábitats, incluyendo áreas urbanas, y taxones como aves, anfibios, invertebrados y plantas. Los métodos de fototrampeo arbóreo pueden mejorarse con una mayor comprensión de los factores que afectan la detección de especies. Los retos más comunes en el fototrampeo arbóreo son el acceso al sitio en el dosel donde se ubicará la cámara y la instalación de la misma. Estos retos se pueden superar entendiendo cuál es el mejor ángulo de orientación de la cámara, el manejo de las posibles fuentes de interferencia que se ubiquen delante de las cámaras, utilizando soportes apropiados para las cámaras y entrenando adecuadamente a los investigadores.
Dados los beneficios y las oportunidades presentados por el fototrampeo arbóreo, es probable que se convierta en un método cada vez más popular para estudiar especies y sistemas arbóreos. La información sintetizada en esta revisión proporciona una guía que ayudará a futuros estudios a realizar inferencias ecológicas más confiables y sólidas en base al fototrampeo arbóreo.
Résumé
Le piégeage photographique dans la couronne des arbres est une méthode en plein essor qui offre une technique novatrice et efficace pour répondre à des questions de recherche pour une variété d'écosystèmes, et permet d'améliorer notre compréhension d'une large diversité de taxons. Cependant, alors que le piégeage photographique au sol a reçu une grande attention, il y a peu de manuel pour répondre aux défis que posent les études dans le domaine de la canopée.
Notre analyse repose sur l'expertise de chercheurs provenant de six continents et sur la littérature générale pour étudier les avantages et désavantages du piégeage photographique en canopée, mais aussi les défis à prendre en compte quand cette technologie est utilisée. Nous intégrons des mini‐guides contenant des informations détaillées de la littérature actuelle sur les pièges photographiques et les supports utilisés en canopée, des conseils pour grimper en toute sécurité aux arbres, les méthodes pour déployer ces appareils sans grimper et des conseils pour limiter les interférences lors de leur fonctionnement.
Nous trouvons que les pièges photographiques en canopée ont été plus souvent utilisés pour étudier les mammifères dans les forêts, cette méthode ayant cependant un potentiel pour un large éventail d'habitats y compris les zones urbaines, et de taxons tels que les oiseaux, les amphibiens, les invertébrés, et les plantes. Les méthodes de piégeage photographique en canopée pourraient être optimisées en améliorant notre compréhension des facteurs qui affectent la détection des espèces. Les défis les plus courants du piégeage photographique sont le placement et l'accès au site de fixation des appareils. Ces problèmes peuvent être surmontés en identifiant les orientations les plus adaptées pour les appareils, en limitant les sources potentielles d'interférences devant les objectifs, en utilisant des supports appropriés ainsi qu'en formant correctement les chercheurs.
Compte tenu des bénéfices et des opportunités que représente l'usage du piégeage photographique en canopée, cette méthode est de plus en plus utilisée pour étudier les espèces dans la canopée. Les informations synthétisées dans cette revue fournissent des indications pour les études futures afin de permettre des déductions écologiques plus fiables et plus solides à partir du piégeage photographique dans la couronne des arbres.
Resumo
As armadilhas fotográficas em dossel arbóreo é um método emergente que fornece uma técnica nova e eficaz para responder a perguntas científicas em diversos ecossistemas e tem a capacidade de melhorar nossa compreensão de uma ampla gama de taxa. No entanto, embora o uso das armadilhas fotográficas terrestres tenha recebido muita atenção, existem poucas diretrizes sobre como lidar com os desafios exclusivos de trabalhar com câmeras em um ambiente arbóreo.
Nossa revisão baseia‐se na experiência de pesquisadores de seis continentes e na literatura geral para avaliar as vantagens e desvantagens das armadilhas fotográficas em árvores e os desafios a serem considerados ao usar essa tecnologia. Também incluímos mini‐guias com informações detalhadas sobre a literatura atual sobre o uso de armadilhas fotográficas, suportes usados para sua instalação, indicações e dicas para subir em árvores e acessar o dossel com segurança, métodos para colocar câmeras sem escalar e dicas para manejo de interferências na operação da câmera.
Nosso estudo conclui que as armadilhas fotográficas em dosseis arbóreos têm sido utilizadas principalmente para o estudo de mamíferos em florestas. No entanto, essa metodologia tem potencial para ser usada em uma ampla gama de habitats, incluindo áreas urbanas, e taxa como aves, anfíbios, invertebrados e plantas. Os métodos podem ser aprimorados com uma maior compreensão dos fatores que afetam a detecção de espécies. Os desafios mais comuns no uso das armadilhas fotográficas em árvores são o acesso ao local onde a câmera estará localizada no dossel, e a prórpia instalação destas câmeras. Esses desafios podem ser superados compreendendo o melhor ângulo de orientação da câmera, gerenciando fontes potenciais de interferência na frente das câmeras, usando suportes de câmera apropriados e treinando adequadamente os pesquisadores.
Dados os benefícios e oportunidades apresentados pelo uso das armadilhas fotográficas em árvores, é provável que se torne um método cada vez mais popular de estudar espécies e sistemas arbóreos. As informações sintetizadas nesta revisão fornecem orientações que ajudarão estudos futuros a fazer inferências ecológicas mais confiáveis e robustas com base no uso desta técnica.
摘要
作为一种新兴的技术方法, 树栖红外相机为我们探究多种生态系统中的科学问题提供了有效的技术支持, 可以进一步加深我们对广大生物类群的理解。然而, 相比广泛应用的地面相机监测技术, 我们依旧缺乏对于解决树栖红外相机应用相关问题的指导方针。
通过综述来自六大洲研究人员的专业技术知识和广泛的文献, 我们分析了树栖红外相机的优缺点及其实际应用中所面临的问题和挑战。同时基于现有文献信息, 我们撰写了树栖红外相机使用的迷你指南, 包括安装和固定相机的装置、爬树技巧和安全提示、无需攀爬部署相机的方法和解决干扰使相机正常工作的技巧。
结果发现树栖红外相机经常用于森林哺乳动物的研究, 但这种方法仍有其他潜在的应用, 如可应用于城市地区等的各种动物栖息地, 可应用于包括鸟类、两栖动物、无脊椎动物和植物等多种生物类群。通过进一步了解影响物种检测率的因素, 可以改进关于树栖红外相机的研究方法。树栖红外相机应用中最常见的挑战是相机的布置和相机位点的访问。这些问题可以通过确定正确的相机方向、处理相机镜头前的潜在干扰因素、使用合适的安装和固定装置及培训当地的研究人员来解决。
鉴于树栖红外相机的优点和所带来的机遇, 它很可能会成为研究树栖物种和生态系统更流行的技术方法。这篇综述提供的各种信息为未来相关研究提供了指导, 将有助于从树栖红外相机研究中获得更可靠和稳健的生态推论。
Bos d 13, A Novel Heat‐Stable Beef Allergen Román‐Carrasco, Patricia; Klug, Christoph; Hemmer, Wolfgang ...
Molecular nutrition & food research,
August 2023, Letnik:
67, Številka:
16
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Scope
Red meat, a staple food of Western diets, can also induce IgE‐mediated allergic reactions. Yet, apart from the heat‐labile protein serum albumin and the carbohydrate α‐Gal, the molecules ...causing allergic reactions to red meat remain unknown.
Methods and results
IgE reactivity profiles of beef‐sensitized individuals are analyzed by IgE‐immunoblotting with protein extracts from raw and cooked beef. Two IgE‐reactive proteins are identified by peptide mass fingerprinting as myosinlight chain 1 (MYL1) and myosin light chain 3 (MYL3) in cooked beef extract and are designated Bos d 13 isoallergens. MYL1 and MYL3 are produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli. ELISAs proved their IgE reactivity and circular dichroism analysis showed that they represent folded molecules with remarkable thermal stability. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion experiments showed the higher stability of rMYL1 as compared to rMYL3. Exposure of a monolayer of Caco–2 cells to rMYL1 indicated that the molecule is able to cross intestinal epithelial cells without disturbing the integrity of the tight junctions, suggesting the sensitizing capacity of MYL1.
Conclusion
MYLs are identified as novel heat‐stable bovine meat allergens.
Extracts are prepared from raw and cooked beef and IgE reactivity profiles of beef‐allergic individuals are analyzed by IgE‐immunoblotting. IgE‐reactive proteins are identified by peptide mass fingerprinting as myosin light chains 1 (MYL1) and 3 (MYL3). Both proteins are produced recombinantly, and their IgE reactivity, secondary structure and digestive stability, including the effect of the food matrix, are investigated. The transport of rMYL1 through the intestinal epithelium is also studied.
Abstract
DNA helicases of the RecD2 family are ubiquitous. Bacillus subtilis RecD2 in association with the single-stranded binding protein SsbA may contribute to replication fork progression, but its ...detailed action remains unknown. In this work, we explore the role of RecD2 during DNA replication and its interaction with the RecA recombinase. RecD2 inhibits replication restart, but this effect is not observed in the absence of SsbA. RecD2 slightly affects replication elongation. RecA inhibits leading and lagging strand synthesis, and RecD2, which physically interacts with RecA, counteracts this negative effect. In vivo results show that recD2 inactivation promotes RecA–ssDNA accumulation at low mitomycin C levels, and that RecA threads persist for a longer time after induction of DNA damage. In vitro, RecD2 modulates RecA-mediated DNA strand-exchange and catalyzes branch migration. These findings contribute to our understanding of how RecD2 may contribute to overcome a replicative stress, removing RecA from the ssDNA and, thus, it may act as a negative modulator of RecA filament growth.
This letter considers the Lurye system of a discrete-time, linear time-invariant plant in negative feedback with a nonlinearity. Both monotone and slope-restricted nonlinearities are considered. The ...main result is a procedure to construct destabilizing nonlinearities for the Lurye system. If the plant satisfies a certain phase condition then a monotone nonlinearity can be constructed so that the Lurye system has a non-trivial periodic cycle. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the construction. This represents a contribution for absolute stability analysis since the constructed nonlinearity provides a less conservative upper bound than existing bounds in the literature.
Few non-native species have colonized Antarctica, although increased human activity and accelerated climate change may increase their number, distributional range, and effects on native species on ...the continent. We searched 13 sites on the maritime Antarctic islands and 12 sites on the Antarctic Peninsula for annual bluegrass (Poa annua), a non-native flowering plant. We also evaluated the possible effects of competition between P. annua and 2 vascular plants native to Antarctica, Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis) and Antarctic hairgrass (Deschampsia antarctica). We grew the native species in experimental plots with and without annual bluegrass under conditions that mimicked the Antarctic environment. After 5 months, we measured photosynthetic performance on the basis of chlorophyll fluorescence and determined total biomass of both native species. We found individual specimens of annual bluegrass at 3 different sites on the Antarctic Peninsula during the 2007—2008 and 2009—2010 austral summers. The presence of bluegrass was associated with a statistically significant reduction in biomass of pearlwort and hairgrass, whereas the decrease in biomass of bluegrass was not statistically significant. Similarly, the presence of bluegrass significantly reduced the photosynthetic performance of the 2 native species. Sites where bluegrass occurred were close to major maritime routes of scientific expeditions and of tourist cruises to Antarctica. We believe that if current levels of human activity and regional warming persist, more non-native plant species are likely to colonize the Antarctic and may affect native species. Pocas especies no nativas han colonizado la Antártica, aunque por incremento de la actividad humana y el cambio climático acelerado su número, rango de distribución y efectos sobre especies nativas pueden aumentar. Muestreamos 13 sitios en las islas Antárticas y en 12 sitios de la Península Antártica para buscar Poa annua, una planta anual no nativa. También evaluamos los posibles efectos de la competencia entre P. annua y dos especies de plantas vasculares nativas de la Antártica, Colobanthus quitensis y Deschampsia antarctica. Crecimos las especies nativas en maceteros con y sin P. annua bajo condiciones similares al ambiente Antártico. Después de 5 meses, medimos el funcionamiento fotosintético basado en la fluorescencia de clorofila y determinamos la biomasa total de ambas especies nativas. Encontramos individuos de P. annua en tres sitios diferentes de la Península Antártica durante los veranos australes de 2007—2008 y 2009—2010. La presencia de P. annua se asoció con una reducción estadísticamente significativa en la biomasa de C. quitensis y D. antarctica, mientras que el decremento en la biomasa de P. annua no fue estadísticamente significativa. Similarmente, la presencia de P. annua redujo significativamente el funcionamiento fotosintético de las dos especies nativas. Los sitios con P. annua estaban cerca de rutas marítimas de expediciones científicas y cruceros turísticos. Consideramos que si persisten los niveles actuales de actividad humana y de calentamiento regional, es probable que más especies de plantas no nativas colonicen la Antártica y afecten a las plantas nativas.
Ezeject is a plungerless syringe prefilled with lyophilized measles vaccine. Ezeject syringes were compared with standard 3-cc syringes and 10-dose measles vaccine vials in the vaccination of 884 ...Guatemalan infants 8-23 months of age. Vaccination was performed by experienced vaccinators and by individuals without prior vaccination experience who received 2.5-3 hours of training. The overall seroconversion rate following administration was 96%, regardless of the type of syringe used or of the experience of the vaccinator. No significant adverse events were observed in children vaccinated with the new syringes. Although incomplete emptying was noted in 87% of the Ezeject syringes used, this had no effect on the serologic response to measles vaccine. Aspiration for detection of blood before injection of the vaccine was performed significantly (P < .001) less frequently with Ezeject than with 3-cc syringes by both experienced and inexperienced personnel. Inexperienced vaccinators administered measles vaccine significantly faster (P < .001) with Ezeject than with 3-cc syringes, but the times were similar for experienced vaccinators. Ezeject is an acceptable alternative to standard syringes for the administration of measles vaccine. Several design modifications that would improve the handling of the device and eliminate the possibility of its reuse have been suggested.
Abstract
We propose an ordered set of experimentally accessible conditions for detecting entanglement in mixed states. The
k
-th condition involves comparing moments of the partially transposed ...density operator up to order
k
. Remarkably, the union of all moment inequalities reproduces the Peres-Horodecki criterion for detecting entanglement. Our empirical studies highlight that the first four conditions already detect mixed state entanglement reliably in a variety of quantum architectures. Exploiting symmetries can help to further improve their detection capabilities. We also show how to estimate moment inequalities based on local random measurements of single state copies (classical shadows) and derive statistically sound confidence intervals as a function of the number of performed measurements. Our analysis includes the experimentally relevant situation of drifting sources, i.e. non-identical, but independent, state copies.
Natural climate solutions can mitigate climate change in the near-term, during a climate-critical window. Yet, persistent misunderstandings about what constitutes a natural climate solution generate ...unnecessary confusion and controversy, thereby delaying critical mitigation action. Based on a review of scientific literature and best practices, we distill five foundational principles of natural climate solutions (nature-based, sustainable, climate-additional, measurable, and equitable) and fifteen operational principles for practical implementation. By adhering to these principles, practitioners can activate effective and durable natural climate solutions, enabling the rapid and wide-scale adoption necessary to meaningfully contribute to climate change mitigation.
PDF
