We used data on 64 stocks of sockeye salmon (
Oncorhynchus nerka
) from British Columbia (B.C.), Washington, and Alaska to determine whether recent decreases in abundance and productivity observed ...for Fraser River, B.C., sockeye have occurred more widely. We found that decreasing time trends in productivity have occurred across a large geographic area ranging from Washington, B.C., southeast Alaska, and up through the Yakutat peninsula, Alaska, but not in central and western Alaska. Furthermore, a pattern of predominantly shared trends across southern stocks and opposite trends between them and stocks from western Alaska was present in the past (1950–1985), but correlations have intensified since then. The spatial extent of declining productivity of sockeye salmon has important implications for management as well as research into potential causes of the declines. Further research should focus on mechanisms that operate at large, multiregional spatial scales, and (or) in marine areas where numerous correlated sockeye stocks overlap.
Cellular solids (e.g., foams and honeycombs) are widely found in natural and engineering systems because of their high mechanical efficiency and tailorable properties. While these materials are often ...based on polycrystalline or amorphous constituents, here we report an unusual dual-scale, single-crystalline microlattice found in the biomineralized skeleton of the knobby starfish,
. This structure has a diamond-triply periodic minimal surface geometry (lattice constant, approximately 30 micrometers), the 111 direction of which is aligned with the
-axis of the constituent calcite at the atomic scale. This dual-scale crystallographically coaligned microlattice, which exhibits lattice-level structural gradients and dislocations, combined with the atomic-level conchoidal fracture behavior of biogenic calcite, substantially enhances the damage tolerance of this hierarchical biological microlattice, thus providing important insights for designing synthetic architected cellular solids.
We expand on previous analyses of environmental factors related to productivity of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations by analysing data on adult recruits per spawner from 24 wild ...(not hatchery) Chinook salmon stocks from Oregon through western Alaska. To determine the degree to which changes in productivity are shared and to help identify environmental variables that might be related to those changes, we estimated the magnitude and spatial characteristics of positive correlations in productivity trends among stocks separated by various distances. We used dynamic factor analysis to characterize shared time trends in productivity and found that these trends were most closely associated with the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation and, to a lesser extent, with the location of the bifurcation in the North Pacific Current as it reaches North America’s west coast. Chinook productivity patterns of separate populations have also become more synchronous in recent years, similar to results reported for other species of Pacific salmon. Such recent changes may reduce the resilience of the species to effects of climate change and habitat modification.
Vascular anomalies (VAs) are classified as tumors or malformations depending on their clinical characteristics, pathological diagnosis, and genomic information. Diagnosis can be challenging because ...of the heterogeneity of clinical presentation; thus, the best diagnosis and care are provided by an interdisciplinary team of specialists. Over the past 10 years, an increasing number of pediatric hematologist/oncologists are caring for patients with VAs secondary to new medical therapy options and clinical trials. This paper focuses on complicated VA issues often seen by the pediatric hematologist/oncologist. The paper reviews clinical pearls on diagnosis, histology, radiology, and treatment options.
Several examples of zircon grains from high- to ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) and ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metapelites exhibit a characteristic, yet atypical, core–rim interface domain < 5-μm wide ...observed in cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging. The interface domain is located immediately against the magmatic core and is comprised of an irregular, 0–2-μm wide, CL-dark domain that is rimmed by a complex, 0–5-μm wide, CL-bright domain with cuspate margins. The outer margin of the interface domain is rimmed by intermediate-CL zircon with low contrast zoning. To characterize the nature of the interface domain and to identify mechanisms of trace element mobility in metamorphosed zircon, we analyzed several specimens prepared from zircon from the Rhodope Metamorphic Complex (eastern Greece) and the Goshen Dome (western Massachusetts, USA) via atom probe tomography (APT). The data reveal three types of geochemical anomalies, each with a unique morphology. (1) Toroidal clusters with high concentrations of Pb (+ Y, Al) are found exclusively within the core of the Rhodope grain. These clusters are interpreted as decorated dislocation loops that formed during metamorphism and annealing of radiation damage to the lattice. Geochronological and geochemical data support this interpretation. (2) Complex, cross-cutting planar and linear features with anomalous concentrations of Y + P + Yb or U are spatially restricted to the core–rim interface domain; these features do not correlate with inherited geochemical variation (oscillatory zoning) or deformation-induced microstructures. Instead, the planar features likely formed in response to an interface-coupled dissolution–reprecipitation reaction that propagated into the crystal during metamorphism. The observed cross-cutting relationships are the product of either multiple events or complexity of the process that originally formed the domains. (3) Ellipsoidal features with high concentrations of Y + P + Yb (+ Al) are found exclusively within the high-Y + P + Yb planar features. These features are interpreted as the product of spinodal decomposition that occurred during exhumation as the zircon passed the solvus where local equilibria favored nm-scale exsolution to minimize the Gibbs free energy. The presence of multiple types of geochemical features in these examples indicates that trace element mobility in zircon is driven by multiple processes over the course of orogenesis. Given that these atypical domains are apparently restricted to zircon metamorphosed at UHT and (U)HP conditions, their presence may represent a marker of metamorphism at very high-grade conditions.
Character strengths and virtues may shape responses to stressors and risk for anxious and depressive distress. However, most studies have relied on cross-sectional designs, and it remains unclear ...whether virtues directly predict distress in daily life or buffer context-specific stressors. We tested whether higher-order intellectual (inquisitiveness), intrapersonal (self-control), and interpersonal virtues (caring) prospectively predicted coping responses and lower symptoms, and moderated effects of specific stressors on distress.
Treatment-seeking individuals diagnosed with anxiety/depression (N = 81; Study 1) and students (N = 112; Study 2) completed the VIA Inventory of Strengths survey at baseline, then experience-sampling of daily symptoms and situational responses (perceptions and/or coping strategies) over seven days (Study 1) or five weeks (Study 2).
Multilevel models generally linked virtues to more adaptive daily responses during individuals' worst and best daily events (Study 1) and worst events (Study 2), but inquisitiveness unexpectedly predicted higher symptoms in both studies. Additionally, virtues buffered against the within-person effects of specific stressor perceptions on distress (Study 2).
The relevance of character virtues for anxiety, stress, and coping may be complex, predicting higher or lower symptoms depending on both the virtue and the situational context.
A new dataset for the high-pressure to ultrahigh-pressure Western Gneiss Region allows the definition of distinct structural and petrological domains. Much of the study area is an E-dipping homocline ...with E-plunging lineations that exposes progressively deeper, more strongly deformed, more eclogite-rich structural levels westward. Although eclogites crop out across the WGR, Scandian deformation is weak and earlier structures are well preserved in the southeastern half of the study area. The Scandian reworking increases westward, culminating in strong Scandian fabrics with only isolated pockets of older structures; the dominant Scandian deformation was coaxial E–W stretching. The sinistrally sheared Møre–Trøndelag Fault Complex and Nordfjord Mylonitic Shear Zone bound these rocks to the north and south. There was moderate top-E, amphibolite-facies deformation associated with translation of the allochthons over the basement along its eastern edge, and the Nordfjord–Sogn Detachment Zone underwent strong lower amphibolite-facies to greenschist-facies top-W shearing. A northwestward increase in exhumation-related melting is indicated by leucosomes with hornblende, plagioclase, and Scandian sphene. In the western 2/3 of the study area, exhumation-related, amphibolite-facies symplectite formation in quartzofeldspathic gneiss postdated most Scandian deformation; further deformation was restricted to slip along biotite-rich foliation planes and minor local folding. That the Western Gneiss Region quartzofeldspathic gneiss exhibits a strong gradient in degree of deformation, implies that continental crust in general need not undergo pervasive deformation during subduction.
Hepatic angiosarcoma is a rare, aggressive, malignant neoplasm with fewer than 50 cases reported in children. Prognosis is poor, with a minority surviving beyond 2 years after diagnosis. We report ...eight cases of pediatric hepatic angiosarcoma, diagnosed at a mean age of 3 years. Seven were initially diagnosed with an infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma (IHHE) or hemangioma and the eighth with a “vascular tumor.” Two patients, who received liver transplant, survived. We suggest hepatic hemangiomas can rarely transform into angiosarcomas and a subset of IHHEs (Type II) are actually a low‐grade form of angiosarcoma rather than a benign lesion.
The purpose of this paper is to review recent work on four key challenges in fisheries science and management: (1) dealing with pervasive uncertainties and risks; (2) estimating probabilities for ...uncertain quantities; (3) evaluating performance of proposed management actions; and (4) communicating technical issues. These challenges are exacerbated in fisheries that harvest multiple stocks, and various methods provide partial solutions to them: (i) risk assessments and decision analyses take uncertainties into account by permitting several alternative hypotheses to be considered at once. (ii) Hierarchical models applied to multi-stock data sets can improve estimates of probability distributions for model parameters compared with those derived through single-stock analyses. (iii) Operating models of complete fishery systems provide comprehensive platforms for testing management procedures. (iv) Finally, results from research in such other disciplines as cognitive psychology can facilitate better communication about uncertainties and risks among scientists, managers, and stakeholders.
Les modeles de simulation a base empirique peuvent aider les gestionnaires de la peche a arriver a des decisions difficiles qui impliquent des compromis entre les recoltes et la preservation de ...l'abondance des reproducteurs, particulierement lorsque les donnees contiennent des incertitudes. Nous mettons au point un tel cadre general d'evaluation des risques et l' appliquons aux stocks de saumons keta (Oncorhynchus keta) dans la region Arctique-Yukon-Kuskokwim de l'Alaska, E.-U. Ces stocks ont connu des abondances faibles durant les annees 1990, ce qui a entrame des declarations de desastre economique et des appels a des changements dans les strategies de recolte. Notre modele stochastique fournit aux gestionnaires des outils de decision avec des informations quantitatives sur les compromis entre la recolte commerciale, la recolte de subsistance et l'abondance des reproducteurs. Le modele inclut l'incertitude du resultat (la difference entre les abondances de reproducteurs ciblees et realisees) dans les modules de capture de subsistance et de capture commerciale. Nous avons aussi utilise des simulations en boucle fermee afin d'examiner l'utilite de politiques de gestion qui varient dans le temps dans lesquelles les cibles d'abondance des reproducteurs changent en reaction a des variations dans le parametre de productivite de Ricker (a), tel qu'estime avec un filtre de Kalman. Des politiques qui varient dans le temps produisent des echappements et des captures plus eleves et reduisent le risque sur une gamme etendue de taux de captures. Le cadre generique d' estimation des risques qui en resulte peut servir a evaluer les directives de capture pour la plupart des stocks de saumons.
PDF
