ABSTRACT
We present the results of N-body models of the Milky Way and Large Magellanic Cloud system and study the kinematic reflex motion in the stellar halo owing to the barycentre displacement of ...the disc. In agreement with previous studies, we find that the Milky Way disc may be moving at 40 $\, {\rm km~s^{-1}}$ relative to the barycentre prior to the Large Magellanic Cloud infall. The resulting reflex motion is visible in tangential velocities of the stellar halo as a simple dipole. The signal is strongest for stars with long dynamical times, identifiable in position-velocity data as stars with large apocentres, whose dynamical memory is still well represented by the unperturbed Milky Way potential. The signal varies across the sky depending on the stellar tracer and may be up to the same magnitude as the velocity of the disc centre of mass, making reflex motion a source of bias for Milky Way potential determinations based on the modelling of stellar streams and/or smooth halo tracers such as blue horizontal branch or RR Lyrae stars.
•We analyse the impact of formal standards and regulation on companies’ innovation efficiency in different levels of technological uncertainty.•Our model is based on the theoretical concepts of ...information asymmetry and regulatory capture.•Results based on Community Innovation survey support our hypotheses that: (1) in case of low market uncertainty formal standards leads to lower innovation efficiency while regulation causes the opposite effect. (2) In case of high market uncertainty regulation leads to lower innovation efficiency while formal standardization has a reverse effect.
This study analyses the impact of formal standards and regulation on firms’ innovation efficiency, considering different levels of market uncertainty. We argue that formal standards and regulation have different effects, depending on the extent of market uncertainty derived from theoretical considerations about information asymmetry and regulatory capture. Our empirical analysis is based on the German Community Innovation Survey (CIS). The results show that formal standards lead to lower innovation efficiency in markets with low uncertainty, while regulations have the opposite effect. In cases of high market uncertainty, we observe that regulation leads to lower innovation efficiency, while formal standards have the reverse effect. Our results have important implications for the future application of both instruments, showing that their benefits heavily depend on the market environment.
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The asymmetric desymmetrization of meso or prochiral compounds containing an all-carbon quaternary center is an attractive alternative to classical synthetic approaches aimed at the ...asymmetric formation of a new C–C bond. This review focuses on nonenzymatic desymmetrizations that utilize transition metal catalysts or organocatalysts to distinguish between enantiotopic groups to generate enantioenriched compounds containing all-carbon quaternary stereocenters.
Marine minerals such as manganese nodules, Co-rich ferromanganese crusts, and seafloor massive sulfides are commonly seen as possible future resources that could potentially add to the global raw ...materials supply. At present, a proper assessment of these resources is not possible due to a severe lack of information regarding their size, distribution, and composition. It is clear, however, that manganese nodules and Co-rich ferromanganese crusts are a vast resource and mining them could have a profound impact on global metal markets, whereas the global resource potential of seafloor massive sulfides appears to be small. These deep-sea mineral commodities are formed by very different geological processes resulting in deposits with distinctly different characteristics. The geological boundary conditions also determine the size of any future mining operations and the area that will be affected by mining. Similarly, the sizes of the most favorable areas that need to be explored for a global resource assessment are also dependent on the geological environment. Size reaches 38 million km2 for manganese nodules, while those for Co-rich crusts (1.7 million km2) and massive sulfides (3.2 millionkm2) are much smaller. Moreover, different commodities are more abundant in some jurisdictions than in others. While only 19% of the favorable area for manganese nodules lies within the Exclusive Economic Zone of coastal states or is covered by proposals for the extension of the continental shelf, 42% of the favorable areas for massive sulfides and 54% for Co-rich crusts are located in EEZs.
•Geological characteristics of deep-sea minerals vary widely.•Deep-sea mineral occurrences differ in their resource potential.•Sizes of most favorable areas of formation influence exploration efforts.
The FactSage computer package consists of a series of information, calculation and manipulation modules that enable one to access and manipulate compound and solution databases. With the various ...modules running under Microsoft Windows® one can perform a wide variety of thermochemical calculations and generate tables, graphs and figures of interest to chemical and physical metallurgists, chemical engineers, corrosion engineers, inorganic chemists, geochemists, ceramists, electrochemists, environmentalists, etc. This paper presents a summary of the developments in the FactSage thermochemical software and databases during the last six years. Particular emphasis is placed on the new databases and developments in calculating and manipulating phase diagrams.
The Human Connectome Project (HCP) is an ambitious 5-year effort to characterize brain connectivity and function and their variability in healthy adults. This review summarizes the data acquisition ...plans being implemented by a consortium of HCP investigators who will study a population of 1200 subjects (twins and their non-twin siblings) using multiple imaging modalities along with extensive behavioral and genetic data. The imaging modalities will include diffusion imaging (dMRI), resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI), task-evoked fMRI (T-fMRI), T1- and T2-weighted MRI for structural and myelin mapping, plus combined magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG). Given the importance of obtaining the best possible data quality, we discuss the efforts underway during the first two years of the grant (Phase I) to refine and optimize many aspects of HCP data acquisition, including a new 7T scanner, a customized 3T scanner, and improved MR pulse sequences.
Accuracy of pre‐messenger RNA (pre‐mRNA) splicing is crucial for normal gene expression. Complex regulation supports the spliceosomal distinction between authentic exons and the many seemingly ...functional splice sites delimiting pseudoexons. Pseudoexons are nonfunctional intronic sequences that can be activated for aberrant inclusion in mRNA, which may cause disease. Pseudoexon activation is very challenging to predict, in particular when activation occurs by sequence variants that alter the splicing regulatory environment without directly affecting splice sites. As pseudoexon inclusion often evades detection due to activation of nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay, and because conventional diagnostic procedures miss deep intronic sequence variation, pseudoexon activation is a heavily underreported disease mechanism. Pseudoexon characteristics have mainly been studied based on in silico predicted sequences. Moreover, because recognition of sequence variants that create or strengthen splice sites is possible by comparison with well‐established consensus sequences, this type of pseudoexon activation is by far the most frequently reported. Here we review all known human disease‐associated pseudoexons that carry functional splice sites and are activated by deep intronic sequence variants located outside splice site sequences. We delineate common characteristics that make this type of wild type pseudoexons distinct high‐risk sites in the human genome.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. and globally. Dietary risk factors contribute to over half of all CVD deaths and CVD-related disability. The ...aim of this narrative review is to describe methods used to assess diet quality and the current state of evidence on the relationship between diet quality and risk of CVD. The findings of the review will be discussed in the context of current population intake patterns and dietary recommendations. Several methods are used to calculate diet quality: (1) a priori indices based on dietary recommendations; (2) a priori indices based on foods or dietary patterns associated with risk of chronic disease; (3) exploratory data-driven methods. Substantial evidence from prospective cohort studies shows that higher diet quality, regardless of the a priori index used, is associated with a 14-29% lower risk of CVD and 0.5-2.2 years greater CVD-free survival time. Limited evidence is available from randomized controlled trials, although evidence shows healthy dietary patterns improve risk factors for CVD and lower CVD risk. Current dietary guidance for general health and CVD prevention and management focuses on following a healthy dietary pattern throughout the lifespan. High diet quality is a unifying component of all dietary recommendations and should be the focus of national food policies and health promotion.
A new procedure (HMR) for soil‐atmosphere trace‐gas flux estimation with static chambers is presented. It classifies data series into three categories according to criteria based on the application ...of a particular non‐linear model and provides statistical data analyses for all categories. The two main categories are non‐linear and linear concentration data, for which data are analysed by, respectively, the non‐linear model and linear regression. The third category is represented by concentration data within the range of experimental error, or noise, from sites with no significant flux. Data in this category may be analysed by linear regression or simply classified as no flux. The particular non‐linear model has been selected among alternatives because its exponential curvature generally fits non‐linear static chamber concentration data well, and because it can be proven, mathematically, to be robust against horizontal gas transport through the soil or leaks in the chamber. The application of the HMR procedure is demonstrated on 244 data series of nitrous oxide accumulation over time. On average, 47% of these data were non‐linear, with an average flux increase over linear regression of 52%. The classification and analysis of data with a small signal‐to‐noise ratio requires special attention, and it is demonstrated how diagnostic graphical plots may be used to select the appropriate data analysis. The HMR procedure has been implemented as a free add‐on package for the free software R and is available for download through CRAN (http://www.r‐project.org).
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