Phenolic compounds in apple leaves after infection with apple scab Mikulic Petkovsek, M., University of Ljubljana (Slovenia). Agronomy Dept; Slatnar, A., University of Ljubljana (Slovenia). Agronomy Dept; Stampar, F., University of Ljubljana (Slovenia). Agronomy Dept ...
Biologia plantarum,
12/2011, Letnik:
55, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Leaves of the scab-susceptible apple cultivar Golden Delicious were harvested from May to August 2008 and 2009. Some leaves were healthy and some infected with Venturia inaequalis. The phenolic ...compounds were analysed in healthy leaves, infected leaves and in the scab spot tissue. In comparison with healthy leaves, the infected leaves showed higher concentrations of hydroxycinnamic acid, flavanols and phloridzin, and lower concentrations of procyanidins, quercetins and phloretin. The total amount of phenolic compounds in the infected tissue was 10 to 20 % higher than in the healthy leaves. Accumulation of phenolic compounds is a post-infection response.
The study was performed on apple trees, 'Golden Delicious' cv., which is a scab-susceptible cultivar. The phenolic content of apple fruit was determined in different parts of the peel. The phenolic ...compounds were analysed in the scab spot, in the tissue around the spot and in the healthy tissue. We determined the concentration of various phenolic compounds and related enzyme activities. Infection with the Venturia inaequalis fungus enhanced the metabolism of phenolic compounds at the scab spot, around the spot and in healthy peel. Compared with the healthy tissue and the tissue around the spot, the scab spot showed higher enzyme activity for all tested enzymes, except for dihydrochalcone 2′-O-glucosyltransferase, which had lower activity in the scab spot. In comparison to the healthy peel, the scab spot showed up to 3.4 times more hydroxycinnamic acids, up to 1.1 times more dihydrochalcones and up to 1.4 times more flavan-3-ols. In contrast, the healthy peel showed up to 1.6 times more flavonols than the scab spot.
The Mediterranean Basin is highly heterogeneous with regard to its climatic and oceanographic properties. The appropriate approach for simulating the transport and transformations of Hg in the water ...compartment requires the use of a hydrodynamic model with additional modules for transport–dispersion and biogeochemistry. In this work, the PCFLOW3D model was upgraded with a biogeochemical module and used for simulation of mercury transport and transformation processes in the Mediterranean. The circulation for the four seasons due to wind, thermohaline forcing and inflow momentum of the main rivers and through the straits was calculated. The results were compared with measurements and the results of another model (POM — Princeton Ocean Model). An acceptable agreement was achieved. The seasonally averaged velocity fields obtained were used to simulate transport and dispersion of mercury.
A new biogeochemical module dealing with the different mercury species: gaseous elemental (Hg
0), divalent (Hg
2+), and mono-methyl mercury (MMHg) in dissolved form and bound to particulate matter and plankton was introduced. Exchange of mercury at the boundaries (bottom sediment/water and water/atmosphere) and transformation processes such as methylation, demethylation, reduction and oxidation were taken into account. The transformation rates between the mercury species were described using simple equations, and thus the time and space variable reaction coefficients should be determined from in-situ measurements. Instead, machine-learning tools and classical statistical methods were used to connect the measured sets of geophysical/environmental parameters and concentrations of different Hg species. The provisional annual Hg mass balance established for the Mediterranean showed that exchange with the atmosphere is the most important source/sink of mercury for the water compartment. Therefore, the model was further upgraded with a gas exchange module for Hg
0. To improve the results of the simulations the PCFLOW3D aquatic model was further linked to the RAMS–Hg atmospheric model which provided real-time meteorological data, deposition and concentrations of mercury in the atmosphere.
Simulations with the integrated modelling tool were performed and the results were compared to the measurements. Acceptable agreement of the average concentrations down the water column for both total mercury (HgT) and elemental mercury (Hg
0) was achieved. Agreement of Hg
0 concentrations near the surface was good; thus exchange with the atmosphere can be simulated with relatively high reliability. Agreement of simulated MMHg concentrations with measurements was not satisfactory, which is probably due to poor understanding of the processes of MMHg formation and its dependence on environmental factors, which have, so far, not been taken into account in the modelling.
In view of the satisfactory modelling results obtained for HgT and Hg
0, a simulation of management scenarios, particularly the policy target (PoT) scenarios for 2010 and 2020, was performed. The results of these simulations were further used to establish the mass balance of HgT in the Mediterranean Sea.
Experiments were performed to study the spatio-temporal temperature variation underneath growing bubbles on a thin platinum heating foil in saturated and subcooled nucleate pool boiling of water at ...atmospheric pressure. The transient wall temperature distributions were recorded with spatial resolution of 40 μm by a high-speed infrared camera at intervals of 1 ms, synchronised with a high-speed video camera to record bubble motion. Examples are presented of the transient distributions of wall temperature, heat flux and heat transfer coefficient underneath bubbles growing with the fast and slow bubble detachment mechanisms in saturated and subcooled pool boiling. Comments are made on the evidence for and against particular mechanisms of heat transfer.
The research was performed on healthy green walnut fruits and on fruits infected with
Xanthomonas arboricola pv.
juglandis (
Xaj). Fruits of cultivars ‘Cisco’, ‘Sampion’, ‘Fernette’, ‘Seiferdorfer’ ...and genotypes ‘Zdole’ and ‘Erjavec’ were sampled at phenophases Gf, Gf + 30 and Gf + 45. In the green husk tissue the content level of gallic acid, three hydroxycinnamic acids, catechin and five quercetin glycosides was determined with the high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS). During the growing season, the content of phenolic compounds decreased and was related to the physiological stage of the fruits and cultivar analyzed. The cumulative content of ten determined polyphenols in healthy walnuts was cultivar dependent, and weakly correlated to the blight susceptibility observed in the orchard. In comparison to healthy husk tissue, the infected husks contained up to 5 fold more hydroxycinnamic acids, up to 3 fold more gallic acid, up to 4.3 fold more quercetins and up to 23 fold more catechin. The cultivars ‘Cisco’ and ‘Zdole’ showed the strongest post-infectional accumulation of the phenolic compounds. An essential influence of quercetin-3-
O-rhamnoside, as well as 4-
O-
p-coumaroylquinic, 3-
O-caffeoylquinic and 3-
O-
p-coumaroylquinic acid on the walnut blight severity was confirmed and points out to the role of these phenolic compounds in the walnut resistance against bacterial blight.
► Defense mechanisms and reactions of walnut fruits against bacterial attack. ► Polyphenolic patterns in healthy and
Xaj infected young fruit tissue. ► Relationships between the levels of phenolics in green walnuts and
Xaj resistance. ► Researching the plant–pathogen interactions. ► Identifying walnut cultivars with potential built in resistance on molecular level.
Approximately 10 million Americans experience acts of physical violence by an intimate partner (IPV). Ocular injuries can present as a symptom of IPV in the emergency department, but IPV remains ...underreported in the literature. Understanding the incidence and trends in IPV-associated ocular injuries in the emergency department could increase the detection of at-risk patients otherwise overlooked.
Retrospective chart review.
Emergency department patients evaluated for traumatic ocular injuries between January 2018 and April 2023 at a large tertiary care health system.
The study population was identified by ICD-10 code and their responses to being screened at triage for home safety and any nursing concerns for abuse or neglect. Patient screening consisted of a 2-part questionnaire inquiring first about whether the patient feels safe at home ("Yes" or "No") and second regarding nurses' concerns for abuse, neglect, domestic violence, sexual assault, or human trafficking.
There were 2,653,993 emergency department visits and 16,737 traumatic ocular injuries in the study period. Of them, 1.1% of patients (154 of 14,457) responded "No" to feeling safe at home. In only 0.6% of patients (82 of 14,457), a nursing concern was documented. Patients responding "No" to feeling safe at home presented with more severe ocular injuries such as maxillary fractures. On regression analysis, married, divorced, and widowed patients as well as patients on private insurance were less likely to report feeling unsafe at home than single patients on public insurance (p < 0.05).
Traumatic ocular injuries in emergency departments should raise concerns about IPV. Opportunity exists to improve education, screening, and management of these patients.
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