The composition of non-infected and Colletotrichum nymphaeae infected strawberry fruits (cultivar ‘Asia') in three different stages of ripeness were evaluated. Additionally, the effect of infection ...on strawberry runners was monitored. C. nymphaeae infection caused a significant increase in total sugar content in mature fruits (1.1 fold) and a decrease in total sugar content in semi-mature fruits (1.4 fold) and organic acid content in all stages of ripeness (1.7 fold). Ellagic acid derivatives (1.9 fold), flavanols (1.5 fold) and flavonols (5.1 fold) significantly increased during all stages of ripeness after infection. The pattern of phenolic accumulation in strawberry runners was altered by C. nymphaeae infection in contrast to strawberry fruits as most of identified phenols decreased as a response to the infection.
•Colletotrichum nymphaeae infection caused a significant decrease in organic acid content.•Ellagic acid derivatives and flavanols increased after infection.•The increase of flavonols was highest in white fruits.•The content of total flavanols was highest in mature fruits.•Phenolic accumulation in strawberry runners was altered by C. nymphaeae.
Wall temperatures were measured by high-speed IR thermography during the sequential chain coalescence of bubbles from four nucleation sites in 4
ms to form a single large hovering bubble during pool ...boiling of water at atmospheric pressure on an electrically-heated titanium foil 25
μm thick. Interactions between bubbles before and during coalescence were significantly affected by asymmetries in bubble growth rate or size, and by the thermal response of the thin wall to previous heat transfer. Liquid was redistributed over the contact area of a coalesced bubble, maintaining heat transfer. Outward movement of the shared wall contact line at the instant of horizontal coalescence of two attached bubbles caused localized increases in wall heat flux but continuing oscillations following coalescence and during declining coalescence between an attached bubble and a detached bubble did not affect the wall heat flux in these studies. During the contraction of the contact area leading to detachment, there was a reduction in heat flux at the contact line and sometimes a reversal in heat flux at the contact line.
To provide 4-year data on the efficacy and safety of gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) in patients with open-angle glaucoma.
Retrospective case series.
Eyes of patients > 18 years ...of age who underwent GATT by a single surgeon at Wills Eye Hospital with at least 36 months follow-up.
Postoperative changes in outcome measures including intraocular pressure (IOP), medication use and visual acuity were recorded. Failure was defined as IOP > 21 mmHg or less than 20% reduction below baseline at any postoperative visit after 3 months or need for further glaucoma surgery.
Main outcome measures were failure rate, IOP, number of glaucoma medications, and visual acuity at 4 years.
Fifty-nine patients (74 eyes), age 57.1 ± 18.5 years (37.8% female) underwent the GATT procedure. Average follow-up was 47.0 ± 6.7 months (range 35.6–76.5 months). Mean IOP was 27.0 ± 10.0 mmHg preoperatively and 14.8 ± 6.5 mmHg at 4 years (45% IOP decrease; P < 0.01). Mean number of medications decreased from 3.2 ± 1.0 preoperatively to 2.3 ± 1.0 at 4 years (P < 0.01). The cumulative failure rate at 4 years was 53.9%, and the cumulative reoperation rate was 42.0%. No significant differences between patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and other types of glaucoma were found.
Gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy can be a safe and effective conjunctival-sparing surgery for treating various forms of open-angle glaucoma at 4 years.
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The effect of Colletotrichum simmondsii infection on the contents of sugars, organic acids, and individual phenolic compounds was investigated in strawberry cultivar ‘Clery’. Primary metabolites were ...determined with the use of HPLC and secondary metabolites further confirmed with HPLC-MS. Colletotrichum simmondsii caused a decrease in sucrose and an increase in fructose and glucose in strawberry fruit. A significant decrease in the content of malic and citric acids was recorded in infected fruit. 12 forms of ellagic acid, nine flavanols and eight flavonols were identified in strawberry runners and nine forms of ellagic acid, six flavanols, seven flavonols and four anthocyanins in strawberry fruit. Significant differences in individual phenolic compounds in strawberry fruit were detected at the beginning of the infection compared to non-infected fruit. Specifically, ellagic acids significantly increased, flavonols generally decreased, and flavanols and anthocyanins increased with the progression of infection. Similarly, some forms of ellagic acid increased and others decreased in infected runners, procyanidins generally decreased and flavonols, increased but the differences were much less prominent.
During the 500 years of mercury mining in Idrija, large quantities of Hg were released into the environment. Due to chemical transformation (reduction, methylation, oxidation, demethylation) and the ...transport of mercury enriched particles into the river system and the Gulf of Trieste, the mercury problem is of local, regional, and global concern. The results of some studies indicate that Hg is actively accumulated in terrestrial and aquatic food webs, which leads to an increased exposure of inhabitants frequently consuming food, particularly, fish produced in a contaminated area. In order to understand the impact of mercury mining on the environment and human health, it is necessary to integrate the experience of various disciplines (e.g., chemists, biologists, geologists, hydrologists, epidemiologists, economists, etc.). Political support at the local and regional level in Slovenia and Italy is as well an ultimate requirement for the successful implementation of remediation, based on scientifically based criteria.
The changing dynamics of organic acids, sugars, phenolics and antioxidant potential in apples from technological to edible maturity was studied. During the time of storage, the content of citric and ...malic acids generally decreased. The content of sucrose, fructose and glucose decreased significantly in some varieties, while it increased in others. The content of total sugars changed only slightly over the storage period. In the apple pulp, the content level of single phenolics generally changed to a minor extent during storage. In the peel, the content levels of the rutin and quercetin-3-rhamnoside flavonoids remained generally constant during storage, while the level of p-coumaric acid increased slightly; on the other hand, the content levels of epicatechin and catechin decreased. In the pulp of most cultivars, there was no significant decrease in total phenolics at edible maturity. In contrast, the apple peel usually has a higher content level of total phenolics at edible maturity than at the time of technological maturity. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of the peel increased from technological to edible maturity.
Fruits and berries in particular are rich sources of phenolitic compounds, which have received much attention during recent years due to their antioxidant and other biological properties with ...possible positive impact on human health. Black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) and red currant (R. rubrum L.) fruits contain high amounts of different phenolic groups among them hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols and anthocyanins. The content of the phenolics in the fruits can be largely influenced by internal and environmental factors as well as production technologies. The aim of our study was to analyze the composition of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in two subsequent years in five black currant (Titania, Triton, ben Sarek, tsema and Cacanska crna) and three red currant cultivars (Junifer, Rolan and Stanza). For the determination and quantification HPLC coupled with photodiode array and mass spectrometer detector was used. Total phenolic content and antioxidative activity were determined using an UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The expected significant differences were registered among cultivars as well as between two species, although in some parameters like antioxidative capacity they were not as high as previously anticipated. Predominant phenolic groups were the anthocyanins. Their amount was expectedly higher in black currant cultivars compared to red currant cultivars since they are responsible for the coloration of the fruits ranging from bright red to almost black. The most abundant anthocyanidin aglycone in red currant was cyanidin glycosilated with different sugar moieties. In con trast in black currant also delphinidin glycosides were common and their presence resulted in the intensive color of the fruits since they give purple and blue colors. Also petunidin and peonidin glycosides were found in black currant, however their amounts were lower and therefore they were less important for the color of the fruits. Differences between both species exist also in other phenolic groups as well as in total phenolics which appear to be higher in black currant (1.28 mg GAE/g) compared to red one (0.79 mg GAE/g). The study demonstrates a wide diversity of phytochemicals and their different levels among cultivars in two species of genus Ribes confirming them as excellent source of dietary phytochemicals.
