The basophil activation test (BAT) has become a pervasive test for allergic response through the development of flow cytometry, discovery of activation markers such as CD63 and unique markers ...identifying basophil granulocytes. Basophil activation test measures basophil response to allergen cross‐linking IgE on between 150 and 2000 basophil granulocytes in <0.1 ml fresh blood. Dichotomous activation is assessed as the fraction of reacting basophils. In addition to clinical history, skin prick test, and specific IgE determination, BAT can be a part of the diagnostic evaluation of patients with food‐, insect venom‐, and drug allergy and chronic urticaria. It may be helpful in determining the clinically relevant allergen. Basophil sensitivity may be used to monitor patients on allergen immunotherapy, anti‐IgE treatment or in the natural resolution of allergy. Basophil activation test may use fewer resources and be more reproducible than challenge testing. As it is less stressful for the patient and avoids severe allergic reactions, BAT ought to precede challenge testing. An important next step is to standardize BAT and make it available in diagnostic laboratories. The nature of basophil activation as an ex vivo challenge makes it a multifaceted and promising tool for the allergist. In this EAACI task force position paper, we provide an overview of the practical and technical details as well as the clinical utility of BAT in diagnosis and management of allergic diseases.
Summary
Background
Omalizumab has been shown to be effective in treating chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). The reduction in FcεRI receptor density on the surface of basophils and mast cells is ...thought to play a major role in its effectiveness. We conducted a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial to investigate the mode of action of omalizumab in patients with antihistamine‐resistant CSU.
Methods
Thirty patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either 300 mg omalizumab or placebo. Four monthly applications of omalizumab/placebo were followed up with a visit 2 months after the last injection. The primary endpoint was the FcεRI receptor density change on basophils.
Results
Omalizumab led to a significant reduction in FcεRI receptor density on basophils as soon as 1 week after the first injection: baseline omalizumab vs placebo group, 80.31 ± 47.18 × 10³ vs 78.29 ± 45.09 × 10³ receptors/basophil ± SD; 1 week, 72.89 ± 47.79 × 10³ vs 27.83 ± 20.87 × 10³, P = .001. This effect continued during the treatment phase and persisted for 2 months after the last injection: 93.81 ± 56.50 × 10³ vs 21.09 ± 15.23 × 10³, P = .002. Values for basophil “releasability” and the basophil activation test (CU‐BAT) of patient serum using donor basophils were unchanged despite treatment: CU‐BAT, CD63 10.75% (7.35) in the placebo group vs 8.35% (15.20) in the omalizumab group, P = .778.
Conclusion
We demonstrated a rapid reduction of FcεRI receptor density on basophils following treatment with omalizumab. Because CU‐BAT using well‐characterized, omalizumab‐naïve donor basophils did not change during the treatment phase, autoreactive serum factors seem to remain unaltered. This points towards a cellular effect of omalizumab on basophils. To predict the omalizumab response time and to monitor disease, FcεRI density and CU‐BAT might be promising cellular‐based assays.
Summary
Background
Patients with Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are often exposed simultaneously to a few potentially culprit drugs. However, both the standard ...lymphocyte transformation tests (LTT) with proliferation as the assay end‐point as well as skin tests, if done, are often negative.
Objective
As provocation tests are considered too dangerous, there is an urgent need to identify the relevant drug in SJS/TEN and to improve sensitivity of tests able to identify the causative drug.
Methods
Fifteen patients with SJS/TEN with the ALDEN score ≥ 6 and 18 drug‐exposed controls were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and cultured under defined conditions with drugs. LTT was compared to the following end‐points: cytokine levels in cell culture supernatant, number of granzyme B secreting cells by ELISpot and intracellular staining for granulysin and IFNγ in CD3+ CD4+, CD3+ CD8+ and NKp46+ cells. To further enhance sensitivity, the effect of IL‐7/IL‐15 pre‐incubation of PBMC was evaluated.
Results
Lymphocyte transformation tests was positive in only 4/15 patients (sensitivity 27%, CI: 8–55%). Similarly, with granzyme B‐ELISpot culprit drugs were positive in 5/15 patients (sensitivity 33%, CI: 12–62%). The expression of granulysin was significantly induced in NKp46+ and CD3+ CD4+ cells (sensitivity 40%, CI: 16–68% and 53%, CI: 27–79% respectively). Cytokine production could be demonstrated in 38%, CI: 14–68% and 43%, CI: 18–71% of patients for IL‐2 and IL‐5, respectively, and in 55%, CI: 23–83% for IFNγ. Pre‐incubation with IL‐7/IL‐15 enhanced drug‐specific response only in a few patients. Specificities of tested assays were in the range of 95 (CI: 80–99%)–100% (CI: 90–100%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Granulysin expression in CD3+ CD4+, Granzyme B‐ELISpot and IFNγ production considered together provided a sensitivity of 80% (CI: 52–96%) and specificity of 95% (80–99%). Thus, this study demonstrated that combining different assays may be a feasible approach to identify the causative drug of SJS/TEN reactions; however, confirmation on another group of patients is necessary.
Background
IL‐33 enhances FcεRI‐induced mediator release in human basophils without inducing degranulation itself. In contrast, studies in mice suggested that in the presence of high IgE levels, ...IL‐33 triggers degranulation and anaphylaxis of similar severity as specific allergen. Consistent with this view, sera of atopic patients contain elevated levels of IL‐33 after anaphylaxis. In this study, we determined whether IL‐33 is potentially anaphylactogenic in humans with high IgE levels by regulating exocytosis independent of FcεRI cross‐linking. Furthermore, we investigated whether IL‐33 is released upon allergen provocation in vivo.
Methods
In subjects with high serum IgE levels, we measured IL‐33‐induced histamine/LTC4 in vitro, CD63 translocation ex vivo, and responsiveness of mast cells in vivo by skin prick test (SPT). In asthma patients, release of IL‐33 and its correlation with early (tryptase)‐ and late‐phase markers (IL‐13 levels, eosinophil numbers) of the allergic response were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) after allergen challenge.
Results
IL‐33 itself does not trigger basophil degranulation in vitro and ex vivo, even in subjects with high serum IgE levels, and negative SPTs demonstrate that skin mast cells do not degranulate in response to IL‐33. However, in response to allergen challenge, IL‐33 is rapidly released into BALFs at levels that do not correlate with other immediate‐ and late‐phase parameters.
Conclusion
IL‐33 is unlikely an independent trigger of anaphylaxis even in subjects with high IgE levels. However, the rapid release of IL‐33 upon allergen provocation in vivo supports its role as a mediator of immediate allergic responses.
Single-shot dense 3D reconstruction using colored structured light is a difficult problem due to the undesired effects of ambient lighting, object albedo, non-equal channel gains, and channel ...cross-talk. We propose a novel single-shot dense 3D reconstruction using colored structured light. Our method combines the self-equalizing De Bruijn sequence, scale-space analysis, and bandpass complex Hilbert filters to achieve insensitivity to ambient lighting, object albedo, and non-equal channel gains. The proposed method reconstructs about 85% of points compared to time-multiplexing structured light strategies and the decoding error in the recovered projector coordinate is less than one projector pixel for about 90% of reconstructed points.
Understanding the chemical mechanisms by which drugs and drug metabolites interact with cells of the immune system is pivotal to our knowledge of drug hypersensitivity as a whole.In this chapter, we ...will discuss the currently accepted mechanisms where there is scientific and clinical evidence to support the ways in which drugs and their metabolites interact with T cells. We will also discuss bioanalytical platforms, such as mass spectrometry, and in vitro test assays such as the lymphocyte transformation test that can be used to study drug hypersensitivity; the combination of such techniques can be used to relate the chemistry of drug antigen formation to immune function. Ab initio T cell priming assays are also discussed with respect to predicting the potential of a drug to cause hypersensitivity reactions in humans in relation to the chemistry of the drug and its ability to form haptens, antigens and immunogens in patients.
Abstract We present a novel real-time method for the 3D reconstruction of the guidewire using a monoplane X-ray. The method consists of two steps: (1) the backprojection step to reconstruct a 3D ...surface that contains the guidewire and (2) the optimization step to select a curve on the surface that is the best match under the pre-specified constraints. The proposed method utilizes a priori knowledge in the form of a volume that indicates positions of the blood vessels and thus restricts the reconstruction. The reconstruction precision is limited by the local thickness of the vessels. The method is quantitatively evaluated on five phantom datasets and qualitatively on two patient datasets. For the phantom datasets the average reconstruction error is resolution limited to 1–2 voxels and is biased in the depth direction. The worst-case reconstruction error for any point, including the guidewire tip, is not larger than the local vessel thickness. A visual inspection of results for the patient datasets shows the guidewire is always placed in the proper vessel and is aligned with the 2D image, which is sufficient for the guidewire navigation. The developed implementation achieves the processing speed of 12 fps using Core™i7 CPU 920 at 2.67 GHz.
In underwater imaging we observe objects in the water through a flat glass interface which defines a two-layer flat refractive geometry. Using structured light for underwater 3D imaging requires that ...both camera and projector are calibrated, which is a difficult task. In this paper we discuss how to calibrate a projector for underwater imaging under a two-layer flat refractive geometry. We propose to model the projector as an inverse camera which enables the use of known procedures for camera calibration in flat refractive geometry. We discuss how to efficiently collect the calibration data using only a planar calibration board and an uncalibrated camera. Performed experiments show that the results of projector calibration are comparable to the results of camera calibration making it highly applicable in practice.
Concepts of congruences and homomorphisms of fuzzy automata are defined and Homomorphism theorem is proved. Lattices of congruences of fuzzy automata are described and an algorithm for computing the ...greatest congruence contained in an equivalence of a fuzzy automaton is presented. It is used for minimization procedures for both fuzzy automata with and without outputs. Connections with previously known minimization algorithms are discussed.
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