The effect of Colletotrichum simmondsii infection on the contents of sugars, organic acids, and individual phenolic compounds was investigated in strawberry cultivar ‘Clery’. Primary metabolites were ...determined with the use of HPLC and secondary metabolites further confirmed with HPLC-MS. Colletotrichum simmondsii caused a decrease in sucrose and an increase in fructose and glucose in strawberry fruit. A significant decrease in the content of malic and citric acids was recorded in infected fruit. 12 forms of ellagic acid, nine flavanols and eight flavonols were identified in strawberry runners and nine forms of ellagic acid, six flavanols, seven flavonols and four anthocyanins in strawberry fruit. Significant differences in individual phenolic compounds in strawberry fruit were detected at the beginning of the infection compared to non-infected fruit. Specifically, ellagic acids significantly increased, flavonols generally decreased, and flavanols and anthocyanins increased with the progression of infection. Similarly, some forms of ellagic acid increased and others decreased in infected runners, procyanidins generally decreased and flavonols, increased but the differences were much less prominent.
The Mediterranean Basin is highly heterogeneous with regard to its climatic and oceanographic properties. The appropriate approach for simulating the transport and transformations of Hg in the water ...compartment requires the use of a hydrodynamic model with additional modules for transport–dispersion and biogeochemistry. In this work, the PCFLOW3D model was upgraded with a biogeochemical module and used for simulation of mercury transport and transformation processes in the Mediterranean. The circulation for the four seasons due to wind, thermohaline forcing and inflow momentum of the main rivers and through the straits was calculated. The results were compared with measurements and the results of another model (POM — Princeton Ocean Model). An acceptable agreement was achieved. The seasonally averaged velocity fields obtained were used to simulate transport and dispersion of mercury.
A new biogeochemical module dealing with the different mercury species: gaseous elemental (Hg
0), divalent (Hg
2+), and mono-methyl mercury (MMHg) in dissolved form and bound to particulate matter and plankton was introduced. Exchange of mercury at the boundaries (bottom sediment/water and water/atmosphere) and transformation processes such as methylation, demethylation, reduction and oxidation were taken into account. The transformation rates between the mercury species were described using simple equations, and thus the time and space variable reaction coefficients should be determined from in-situ measurements. Instead, machine-learning tools and classical statistical methods were used to connect the measured sets of geophysical/environmental parameters and concentrations of different Hg species. The provisional annual Hg mass balance established for the Mediterranean showed that exchange with the atmosphere is the most important source/sink of mercury for the water compartment. Therefore, the model was further upgraded with a gas exchange module for Hg
0. To improve the results of the simulations the PCFLOW3D aquatic model was further linked to the RAMS–Hg atmospheric model which provided real-time meteorological data, deposition and concentrations of mercury in the atmosphere.
Simulations with the integrated modelling tool were performed and the results were compared to the measurements. Acceptable agreement of the average concentrations down the water column for both total mercury (HgT) and elemental mercury (Hg
0) was achieved. Agreement of Hg
0 concentrations near the surface was good; thus exchange with the atmosphere can be simulated with relatively high reliability. Agreement of simulated MMHg concentrations with measurements was not satisfactory, which is probably due to poor understanding of the processes of MMHg formation and its dependence on environmental factors, which have, so far, not been taken into account in the modelling.
In view of the satisfactory modelling results obtained for HgT and Hg
0, a simulation of management scenarios, particularly the policy target (PoT) scenarios for 2010 and 2020, was performed. The results of these simulations were further used to establish the mass balance of HgT in the Mediterranean Sea.
The changing dynamics of organic acids, sugars, phenolics and antioxidant potential in apples from technological to edible maturity was studied. During the time of storage, the content of citric and ...malic acids generally decreased. The content of sucrose, fructose and glucose decreased significantly in some varieties, while it increased in others. The content of total sugars changed only slightly over the storage period. In the apple pulp, the content level of single phenolics generally changed to a minor extent during storage. In the peel, the content levels of the rutin and quercetin-3-rhamnoside flavonoids remained generally constant during storage, while the level of p-coumaric acid increased slightly; on the other hand, the content levels of epicatechin and catechin decreased. In the pulp of most cultivars, there was no significant decrease in total phenolics at edible maturity. In contrast, the apple peel usually has a higher content level of total phenolics at edible maturity than at the time of technological maturity. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of the peel increased from technological to edible maturity.
The article consists of five sub-chapters: 1) The role of the Mycorrhizal mycelium in forest soils, 2) Types of ectomycorrhizae from the forest research plots in Kocevska Reka and Zavodnje, 3) Types ...of ectomycorrhizae from the permanent forest research plot on Pokljuka, 4) Mapping of fungal fruitbodies on the permanent forest research plot Sijec and its surroundings on Pokljuka, 5) Establishment of the PCR-ITS-RFLP database for mycorrhizal fungi and types of ectomycorrhizae on Norway spruce from the permanent forest research plot of the Slovenian Forestry Institute on Pokljuka
Prispevek sestoji iz petih podpoglavij: 1) Pomen micelija mikoriznih gliv v gozdnih tleh, 2) Tipi ektomikorize z raziskovalnih ploskev pri Kocevski Reki in Zavodnjah, 3) Tipi ektomikorize s ploskev na Pokljuki, 4) Popis gliv na trajni raziskovalni ploskvi Sijec in v njeni okolici na Pokljuki, 5) Postavitev baze podatkov PCR-ITS-RFLP za mikorizne glive in tipe ektomikorize na smreki iz trajne raziskovalne ploskve GIS na Pokljuki
During the 500 years of mercury mining in Idrija, large quantities of Hg were released into the environment. Due to chemical transformation (reduction, methylation, oxidation, demethylation) and the ...transport of mercury enriched particles into the river system and the Gulf of Trieste, the mercury problem is of local, regional, and global concern. The results of some studies indicate that Hg is actively accumulated in terrestrial and aquatic food webs, which leads to an increased exposure of inhabitants frequently consuming food, particularly, fish produced in a contaminated area. In order to understand the impact of mercury mining on the environment and human health, it is necessary to integrate the experience of various disciplines (e.g., chemists, biologists, geologists, hydrologists, epidemiologists, economists, etc.). Political support at the local and regional level in Slovenia and Italy is as well an ultimate requirement for the successful implementation of remediation, based on scientifically based criteria.
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