The time-reversal symmetry of nonequilibrium fluctuations is experimentally investigated in two out-of-equilibrium systems: namely, a Brownian particle in a trap moving at constant speed and an ...electric circuit with an imposed mean current. The dynamical randomness of their nonequilibrium fluctuations is characterized in terms of the standard and time-reversed entropies per unit time of dynamical systems theory. We present experimental results showing that their difference equals the thermodynamic entropy production in units of Boltzmann's constant.
The review summarizes for the first time the poorly studied electrooxidative functionalization of pyrazole derivatives leading to the C-Cl, C-Br, C-I, C-S and N-N coupling products with applied ...properties. The introduction discusses some aspects of aromatic hydrogen substitution. Further, we mainly consider our works on effective synthesis of the corresponding halogeno, thiocyanato and azo compounds using cheap, affordable and environmentally promising electric currents.
Injection of amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC) delays the course of progression of renal fibrosis in animals with Alport Syndrome, enhancing kidney function and improving survival. The mechanisms ...responsible for these protective outcomes are still largely unknown. Here, we showed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling within the glomeruli of Alport mice is strongly elevated early on in the disease, causing glomerular endothelial cell damage. Intraventricular injected AFSC that homed within the glomeruli showed strong modulation of the VEGF activity, particularly in glomerular endothelial cells. To investigate this phenomenon we hypothesized that extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by the AFSC could be responsible for the observed renoprotection. AFSC derived EVs presented exosomal and stem cell markers on their surface membrane, including VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. EVs were able to modulate VEGF in glomerular endothelial cells by effectively trapping the excess VEGF through VEGFR1-binding preventing cellular damage. In contrast, VEGFR1/sVEGFR1 knockout EVs failed to show similar protection, thus indicating that VEGF trapping is a potentially viable mechanism for AFSC-EV mediated renoprotection. Taken together, our findings establish that EVs secreted by AFSC could target a specific signaling pathway within the glomerulus, thus representing a new potential glomerulus-specific targeted intervention.
One of the key energy efficiency measures in residential buildings is to reduce the load on heating and cooling when in outer structures such as walls and ceiling a thermal insulation material is ...included in order to reduce the losses caused by heating and cooling, air and moisture penetration. It depends on the climate zone of the building, structural construction, heat and cold sources, prices for fuel and electricity in that region. It can be different in every specific case, so it is of high necessity to determine the optimal thickness of the used thermal insulation, the location of the installation. Below are the features and the need to introduce thermal insulation in newly constructed and operated buildings. The influence of the presence of thermal insulation in the construction industry on the cold load necessary for cooling and the pattern of changes in the cost with and without the presence of thermal insulation was investigated.
LuAG:Ce single crystals with various activator concentrations were grown by the vertical Bridgman technique. Characterization of crystals was done in terms of actual doping level, macroscopic defects ...and degree of non-equivalent substitutions by Lu for Al in octahedral lattice sites. Scintillation measurements were performed using 2×2×8
mm
3 shaped samples with Ce concentration in the range 0.05–0.55
at%. Essential improvement of performance was demonstrated in samples containing ≥0.2
at% of Ce; the light yield measured in LuAG:Ce (0.55
at%) was about 26000
ph/MeV, or close to that of LSO.
Wave Processes in Plasma Astrophysics Fedotova, M. A.; Klimchakov, D. A.; Petrosyan, A. S.
Plasma physics reports,
03/2023, Letnik:
49, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Theoretical studies of wave processes in rotating astrophysical plasma are discussed, with a particular emphasis on new theoretical models of astrophysical plasma such as the magnetohydrodynamic ...shallow water approximation and anelastic approximation, together with the frequently-used Boussinesq approximation. In addition to the traditional approximation for Coriolis force, effects are discussed, which are caused by its non-traditional representation that accounts for the horizontal rotation component. Linear waves in such plasma are described in detail, and their dispersion properties are discussed. An overview of instabilities in astrophysical plasma is given, which are caused by nonlinear effects.
Two systems of magnetohydrodynamic equations in the shallow water approximation are proposed as a basis for studies in the field of plasma astrophysics: the system of equations with a full allowance ...for the Coriolis force and the system of equations on the β-plane in which the changes of the Coriolis parameter are linear in coordinate. Both systems of equations take into account such fundamentally important phenomena in plasma astrophysics as the compressibility and external magnetic field effects, increasing significantly the potential for applying these equations to study astrophysical objects. Compressibility in plasma astrophysics is shown to change significantly the dispersion laws for magneto-Poincare, magnetostrophic, and magneto-Rossby waves. The same nonlinear interactions as those in the absence of compressibility have been found to be realized in the case of a compressible rotating plasma. Three-wave equations in the weak nonlinearity approximation, in which the interaction coefficients depend on plasma large-scale compressibility and thermodynamic characteristics, have been derived by the method of multiscale expansions. Expressions for the growth rates of the parametric instabilities of three-wave interactions with large-scale compressibility have been derived.
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