Theorists and clinicians have long noted the need for idiographic (i.e., individual-level) designs within clinical psychology. Results from idiographic work may provide a possible resolution of the ...therapist’s dilemma—the problem of treating an individual using information gathered via group-level research. Due to advances in data collection and time series methodology, there has been increasing interest in using idiographic designs to answer clinical questions. Although time series methods have been well-studied outside the field of clinical psychology, there is limited direction on how clinicians can use such models to inform their clinical practice. In this primer, we collate decades of published and word-of-mouth information on idiographic designs, measurement, and modeling. We aim to provide an initial guide on the theoretical and practical considerations that we urge interested clinicians to consider before conducting idiographic work of their own.
•Idiographic (n = 1) research may resolve the therapist’s dilemma.•There is limited guidance on how clinicians can conduct idiographic research.•We provide a primer for interested clinicians and clinical scientists.•This primer includes considerations for conducting idiographic research.
We present an improved analysis of the final data set from the QUaD experiment. Using an improved technique to remove ground contamination, we double the effective sky area and hence increase the ...precision of our cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum measurements by ~30% versus that previously reported. In addition, we have improved our modeling of the instrument beams and have reduced our absolute calibration uncertainty from 5% to 3.5% in temperature. The robustness of our results is confirmed through extensive jackknife tests, and by way of the agreement that we find between our two fully independent analysis pipelines. For the standard six-parameter Delta *LCDM model, the addition of QUaD data marginally improves the constraints on a number of cosmological parameters over those obtained from the WMAP experiment alone. The impact of QUaD data is significantly greater for a model extended to include either a running in the scalar spectral index, or a possible tensor component, or both. Adding both the QUaD data and the results from the Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver experiment, the uncertainty in the spectral index running is reduced by ~25% compared to WMAP alone, while the upper limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio is reduced from r < 0.48 to r < 0.33 (95% c.l.). This is the strongest limit on tensors to date from the CMB alone. We also use our polarization measurements to place constraints on parity-violating interactions to the surface of last scattering, constraining the energy scale of Lorentz violating interactions to <1.5 X 10-43 GeV (68% c.l.). Finally, we place a robust upper limit on the strength of the lensing B-mode signal. Assuming a single flat band power between = 200 and = 2000, we constrain the amplitude of B-modes to be <0.57 Delta *mK2 (95% c.l.).
Recent technology has enabled researchers to collect ecological momentary assessments (EMA) to examine within-person correlates of suicidal thoughts. Prior studies examined generalized temporal ...dynamics of emotions and suicidal thinking over brief periods, but it is not yet known how variable these processes are across people.
We use data EMA data delivered over two weeks with youth/young adults (N = 60) who reported past year self-injurious thoughts/behaviors. We used group iterative multiple model estimation (GIMME) to model group- and person-specific associations of negative emotions (i.e., fear, sadness, shame, guilt, and anger) and suicidal thoughts.
29 participants (48.33%) reported at least one instance of a suicidal thought and were included in GIMME models. In group level models, we consistently observed autoregressive effects for suicidal thoughts (e.g., earlier thoughts predicting later thoughts), although the magnitude and direction of this link varied from person-to-person. Among emotions, sadness was most frequently associated with contemporaneous suicidal thoughts, but this was evident for less than half of the sample, while other emotional correlates of suicidal thoughts broadly differed across people. No emotion variable was linked to future suicidal thoughts in >14% of the sample,
Emotion-based correlates of suicidal thoughts are heterogeneous across people. Better understanding of the individual-level pathways maintaining suicidal thoughts/behaviors may lead to more effective, personalized interventions.
•Suicide is a leading cause of death.•Mental health providers are limited in their ability to predict suicide risk.•We used intensive longitudinal data and idiographic networks.•These methods tested person-specific links in affect and suicidal thoughts (STBs).•Although links of emotions and STBs varied; there were unique subgroups.
Comparison of Comorbidity Collection Methods Kallogjeri, Dorina, MD, MPH; Gaynor, Sheila M., BS; Piccirillo, Marilyn L., BA ...
Journal of the American College of Surgeons,
08/2014, Letnik:
219, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Background Multiple valid comorbidity indices exist to quantify the presence and role of comorbidities in cancer patient survival. Our goal was to compare chart-based Adult Comorbidity Evaluation-27 ...index (ACE-27) and claims-based Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) methods of identifying comorbid ailments and their prognostic abilities. Study Design We conducted a prospective cohort study of 6,138 newly diagnosed cancer patients at 12 different institutions. Participating registrars were trained to collect comorbidities from the abstracted chart using the ACE-27 method. The ACE-27 assessment was compared with comorbidities captured through hospital discharge face sheets using ICD coding. The prognostic accomplishments of each comorbidity method were examined using follow-up data assessed at 24 months after data abstraction. Results Distribution of the ACE-27 scores was: “none” for 1,453 (24%) of the patients; “mild” for 2,388 (39%); “moderate” for 1,344 (22%), and “severe” for 950 (15%) of the patients. Deyo's adaption of the CCI identified 4,265 (69%) patients with a CCI score of 0, and the remaining 31% had CCI scores of 1 (n = 1,341 22%), 2 (n = 365 6%), or 3 or more (n = 167 3%). Of the 4,265 patients with a CCI score of zero, 394 (9%) were coded with severe comorbidities based on ACE-27 method. A higher comorbidity score was significantly associated with higher risk of death for both comorbidity indices. The multivariable Cox model, including both comorbidity indices, had the best performance (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.37) and the best discrimination (C index = 0.827). Conclusions The number, type, and overall severity of comorbid ailments identified by chart- and claims-based approaches in newly diagnosed cancer patients were notably different. Both indices were prognostically significant and able to provide unique prognostic information.
A growing body of research suggests that standard group-based models might provide little insight regarding individuals. In the current study, we sought to compare group-based and individual ...predictors of bothersome tinnitus, illustrating how researchers can use dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) for intensive longitudinal data to examine whether findings from analyses of the group apply to individuals. A total of 43 subjects with bothersome tinnitus responded to up to 200 surveys each. In multilevel DSEM, survey items loaded on three factors (tinnitus bother, cognitive symptoms, and anxiety), and results indicated a reciprocal relationship between tinnitus bother and anxiety. In fully idiographic models, the three-factor model fit poorly for two individuals, and the multilevel model did not generalize to most individuals, possibly because of limited power. Research examining heterogeneous conditions, such as tinnitus bother, may benefit from methods such as DSEM that allow researchers to model dynamic relationships.
We present Q-U-I JOint TEnerife (QUIJOTE) intensity and polarisation maps at 10-20 GHz covering a region along the Galactic plane 24... l ... 45..., |b| ... 8... These maps result from 210 h of data, ...have a sensitivity in polarisation of ...40 ...K beam super( -1) and an angular resolution of ...1... Our intensity data are crucial to confirm the presence of anomalous microwave emission (AME) towards the two molecular complexes W43 (22...) and W47 (8...). We also detect at high significance (6...) AME associated with W44, the first clear detection of this emission towards a supernova remnant. The new QUIJOTE polarisation data, in combination with Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), are essential to (i) determine the spectral index of the synchrotron emission in W44, ... = -0.62 plus or minus 0.03, in good agreement with the value inferred from the intensity spectrum once a free-free component is included in the fit; (ii) trace the change in the polarisation angle associated with Faraday rotation in the direction of W44 with rotation measure -404 plus or minus 49 rad m super( -2) and (iii) set upper limits on the polarisation of W43 of ... < 0.39 per cent (95 per cent C.L.) from QUIJOTE 17 GHz, and <0.22 per cent from WMAP 41 GHz data, which are the most stringent constraints ever obtained on the polarisation fraction of the AME. For typical physical conditions (grain temperature and magnetic field strengths), and in the case of perfect alignment between the grains and the magnetic field, the models of electric or magnetic dipole emissions predict higher polarisation fractions. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.)
Researchers have long called for greater recognition and use of longitudinal, individual-level research in the study of psychopathology and psychotherapy. Much of our current research attempts to ...indirectly investigate individual-level, or idiographic, psychological processes via group-based, or nomothetic, designs. However, results from nomothetic research do not necessarily translate to the individual-level. In this review, we discuss how idiographic analyses can be integrated into psychotherapy and psychotherapy research. We examine and review key statistical methods for conducting idiographic analyses. These methods include factor-based and vector autoregressive approaches using longitudinal data. The theoretical framework behind each approach is reviewed and critically evaluated. Empirical examples of each approach are discussed, with the aim of helping interested readers consider how they may use idiographic methods to analyze longitudinal data and psychological processes. Finally, we conclude by citing key limitations of the idiographic approach, calling for greater development of these analyses to ease their successful integration into clinical settings.
•Researchers have called for greater use of longitudinal, idiographic designs•Idiographic methods show promise for personalizing assessment and therapy•We review key methods to assist researchers in conducting idiographic research•Limitations of integrating idiographic approaches into clinical work are discussed
Superconducting parametric amplifiers are commonly fabricated using planar transmission lines with a nonlinear inductance provided by either Josephson junctions or the intrinsic kinetic inductance of ...the thin film. However, Banys et al. (J Low Temp Phys, 2020) reported nonlinear behaviour in a niobium pillbox cavity, hypothesising that below
T
c
, the pair iris-bulk resonator would act as a superconducting contact surface exploiting a Josephson-like nonlinearity. This work investigates this effect further by applying Keysight Technologies’ Advanced Design System (ADS) to simulate the cavity using an equivalent circuit model that includes a user defined Josephson inductance component. The simulations show that for a resonance centred at
ν
0
=
30.649
GHz, when two tones (pump and signal) are injected into the cavity, mixing and parametric gain occur. The maximum achievable gain is explored when the resonator is taken to its bifurcation energy. These results are compared to cryogenic measurements where the pump and the signal are provided by a Vector Network Analyzer.
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