We report on a detailed study of longitudinal strength in the nucleon resonance region, presenting new results from inclusive electron-proton cross sections measured at Jefferson Lab Hall C in the ...four-momentum transfer range 0.2
We report on a study of the longitudinal to transverse cross section ratio, R=sigmaL/sigmaT, at low values of x and Q2, as determined from inclusive inelastic electron-hydrogen and electron-deuterium ...scattering data from Jefferson Laboratory Hall C spanning the four-momentum transfer range 0.06<Q2<2.8 GeV2. Even at the lowest values of Q2, R remains nearly constant and does not disappear with decreasing Q2, as might be expected. We find a nearly identical behavior for hydrogen and deuterium.
Dopamine D2-like receptors play an important role in the pharmacotherapy of psychotic disorders. Molecular and cellular techniques have identified distinct gene products (D2-long, D2-short, D3 and ...D4) displaying the D2 receptor pharmacology. However, the contribution of each subtype in antipsychotic effects of or their physiological role remain unclear. Here we describe the pharmacological effects of a selective D4 antagonist, U-101387. U-101387 displayed moderately high affinity (Ki = 10 nM) and selectivity for the dopamine D4.2 receptor expressed in clonal cell lines. It lacked measurable affinity for not only other dopamine receptors but also noradrenalin, serotonin and histamine receptor families (Ki > 2000 nM). It fully and dose-dependently antagonized quinpirole-induced cAMP inhibition (without producing any effect by itself) in stably transfected cells. U-101387 also displayed excellent oral bioavailability, brain penetration and other pharmacokinetic characteristics. Unlike classical neuroleptics (e.g., haloperidol), U-101387 neither blocked acute behavioral effects of amphetamine or apomorphine nor did it alter spontaneous locomotion by itself. Additionally, U-101387 was without effect in behavioral and biochemical tests predictive of extrapyramidal and neuroendocrine side effects. Consistent with the lack of autoreceptor function of D4, acute administration of U-101387 failed to alter dopamine neuronal firing by itself or reverse the inhibition produced by dopamine agonists and to affect monoamine turnover in areas innervated by the mesencephalic or hypothalamic dopamine neurons. However, U-101387 potently induced c-fos mRNA expression in the infralimbic/ventral prelimbic cortex to a level similar to that produced by the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine. This is consistent with the predominantly cortical distribution of the D4 receptor. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the D4-selective antagonist, U-101387, produces effects that are distinct from those of the nonselective D2 antagonists as well as D3-preferring agents. U-101387 offers a unique tool to understand the role of dopamine D4 receptors in diseases involving central dopamine systems.
The first measurements of the d(gamma,p)n differential cross section at forward angles and photon energies above 4 GeV were performed at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab). The ...results indicate evidence of an angular dependent scaling threshold. Results at straight theta(cm) = 37 degrees are consistent with the constituent counting rules for E(gamma) greater, similar 4 GeV, while those at 70 degrees are consistent with the constituent counting rules for E(gamma) greater, similar 1.5 GeV.
White chanterelles (Basidiomycota), lacking the orange pigments and apricot-like odour of typical chanterelles, were found recently in the Canadian provinces of Québec (QC) and Newfoundland & ...Labrador (NL). Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the identification of all white chanterelles from NL and QC as Cantharellus enelensis; we name these forma acolodorus. We characterized carotenoid pigments, lipids, phenolics, and volatile compounds in these and related chanterelles. White mutants of C. enelensis lacked detectable β-carotene, confirmed to be the primary pigment of wild-type, golden-orange individuals, and could also be distinguished by their profiles of fatty acids and phenolic acids, and by the ketone and terpene composition of their volatiles. We detected single base substitutions in the phytoene desaturase (Al-1) and phytoene synthase (Al-2) genes of the white mutant, which are predicted to result in altered amino acids in their gene products and may be responsible for the loss of β-carotene synthesis in that form.
Over the past 2 decades, scholars in various educational contexts have examined Bandura's theorizing about how self-efficacy develops. Bandura proposed 4 primary informational sources of ...self-efficacy-enactive experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasions, and physiological and affective states-each of which can be supported in different ways. This article first defines and situates self-efficacy and these sources within a broader social cognitive theoretical frame. Subsequent sections highlight specific ways that educators can apply insights from Bandura's theorizing and from the empirical literature that has examined self-efficacy development at different stages of learning and in diverse contexts. We address how educators can create instructional tasks that show progress, establish supportive social structures, and work with students' emotions in ways that foster self-efficacy. Special attention is given to the sociocultural factors that affect how learners evaluate efficacy-relevant information. Several directions for further applying Bandura's theory are offered.
Mucormycosis as a consequence of trauma is a devastating complication; these infections are challenging to control, with a fatality rate approaching 96% in immunocompromised patients. We present a ...case where a proactive approach was successfully employed to treat mucormycosis following complex polytrauma. Aggressive repeated surgical debridement, in combination with appropriate antifungal therapy, proved successful in this instance. In our opinion, mucormycosis in trauma mandates an aggressive surgical approach. This prevents ascending dissemination of mucormycosis and certainly reduces the risk of patient mortality as a direct result. Anti-fungal therapy should be used secondarily as an adjunct together with surgical debridement, or as an alternative when surgical intervention is not feasible.
Infants awaiting heart transplantation (HT) face the highest wait-list mortality among all children and adults listed for HT in the USA. We sought to determine the risk of death for infants <12 ...months old while awaiting HT in the current era, and to identify the principle risk factors associated with wait-list mortality.
We analyzed outcomes for all infants listed for HT in the USA from January 1999 to July 2006, using data reported to the U.S. Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients.
Of the 1,133 listed infants, 61% were <3 months of age, 80% were listed as Status 1A, 64% had a congenital heart disease (CHD) and 31% had cardiomyopathy. Of 724 infants with CHD, 25% were on prostaglandin (PG) and 27% had a history of prior surgery. By 6 months after listing, 23% died on the wait-list and 54% were transplanted. Multivariate factors associated with wait-list mortality were weight <3 kg (hazard ratio HR 1.4, 95% confidence interval CI 1.0 to 1.9), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support (HR 5.6, CI 4.0 to 7.9), ventilator support (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6 to 2.8), CHD with PG support (HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.8 to 4.3), CHD without prior surgery (HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.9 to 3.9) and non-white race/ethnicity (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.3).
One in four infants listed for HT in the USA die before a donor heart can be identified. Wait-list mortality is associated with weight <3 kg, level of invasive support and CHD, but not listing status, which captures medical urgency poorly. Measures to expand infant organ donation, especially among neonates, are urgently needed.
We report on a study of the longitudinal to transverse cross section ratio, R={sigma}{sub L}/{sigma}{sub T}, at low values of x and Q{sup 2}, as determined from inclusive inelastic electron-hydrogen ...and electron-deuterium scattering data from Jefferson Laboratory Hall C spanning the four-momentum transfer range 0.06<Q{sup 2}<2.8 GeV{sup 2}. Even at the lowest values of Q{sup 2}, R remains nearly constant and does not disappear with decreasing Q{sup 2}, as might be expected. We find a nearly identical behavior for hydrogen and deuterium.
The purported advantage of ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) listing is to reduce wait times and wait-list mortality among infants awaiting heart transplantation. We sought to describe recent trends in ABO-I ...listing for US infants and to determine the impact of ABO-I listing on wait times and wait-list mortality.
In this multicenter retrospective cohort study using Organ Procurement and Transplant Network data, infants<12 months of age listed for heart transplantation between 1999 and 2008 (n=1331) were analyzed. Infants listed for an ABO-I transplant were compared with a propensity score-matched cohort listed for an ABO-compatible transplant through the use of a Cox shared-frailty model. The primary end point was time to heart transplantation. The percentage of eligible infants listed for an ABO-I heart increased from 0% before 2002 to 53% in 2007 (P<0.001 for trend). Compared with infants listed exclusively for an ABO-compatible heart, infants with a primary ABO-I listing strategy (n=235) were more likely to be listed 1A, to have congenital heart disease and renal failure, and to require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. For the propensity score-matched groups (n=197 matched pairs), there was no difference in wait-list mortality; however, infants with blood type O assigned an ABO-I listing strategy were more likely to undergo heart transplantation by 30 days (31% versus 16%; P=0.007) with a less pronounced effect for infants with other blood types.
The proportion of US infants listed for an ABO-I heart transplantation has risen dramatically in recent years but still appears to be preferentially used for sicker infant candidates. The ABO-I listing strategy is associated with a higher likelihood of transplantation within 30 days for infants with blood group O and may benefit a broader range of transplantation candidates.
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