En la escala comercial, las plantaciones de agave azul tequilero (Agave tequilana Weber var. azul) han requerido grandes extensiones de tierra para satisfacer demandas del mercado, plantado como ...monocultivo extensivo a fin de producir la materia prima para la elaboración de tequila. En la región Sierra de Amula, Jalisco, el agave azul es plantado en diversos tipos de suelo e inclinaciones de pendiente (3 a >45%), que adicional al trazo de surcos a favor de la pendiente, hace suponer el incremento de tasas erosivas del suelo y agua. Esta práctica en el municipio de Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, ha modificado el uso del suelo, la agricultura de temporal y cambios sustanciales de actividades agrícolas tradicionales, que, por desconocimiento de su manejo, los agricultores independientes a las compañías de agave-tequila, plantan este cultivo por imitación con mínima o nula asesoría técnica. El objetivo del estudio fue dar conocer el efecto del manejo tradicional al cultivo de agave tequilero sobre la pérdida de suelo, en comparación a la implementación de prácticas sustentables (labranza de conservación y cultivo de cobertura) como alternativa a la conservación del suelo durante el ciclo de lluvias. La unidad de muestreo fueron lotes de escurrimiento (2 m por 5 m). La precipitación pluvial promedio anual del municipio fue de 631.5 mm, en manejo tradicional generó 1531.9 m3 ha-1 de escorrentía superficial y pérdida de suelo de 21.3 t ha-1, esto fue 74% y 96% respectivamente, superior en relación con labranza de conservación, pero similares con relación al cultivo de cobertura en relación con la escorrentía (superior con 4%) pero inferior en pérdida de suelo (32%). En conclusión, se identifica que el manejo de cultivo tradicional, intensifica la degradación del suelo y agua, además del efecto directo de aplicar herbicidas de amplio espectro, así como del trazo del surcado a favor de la pendiente
On commercial scale, blue agave plantations (Agave tequilana Weber var. azul) have required large extensions of land to meet market demands, planted as extensive monocultures to produce the raw material for tequila production. In the Sierra de Amula region, Jalisco, the blue agave is planted in several types of soil and slope inclinations (3 to >45%), in addition to the trace of furrows in favor the slope, suggests an increase in erosive rates of the soil and water. In Autlan de Navarro, Jalisco. That practice has modified the use of the land, rainfed agriculture and substantial changes in traditional agricultural activities, that due to ignorance its management. Farmers independent of the agave-tequila companies, plant this crop by imitation with minimal or no technical advice. The objective of the study was to reveal the effect of traditional crop management of blue agave on soil loss, compared to the implementation of sustainable practices (conservation tillage and cover crops) as an alternative to soil conservation during the rainy cycle. The sampling unit was runoff lots (2 m by 5 m). The average annual rainfall of the municipality was 631.5 mm, in traditional management it generated 1531.9 m3 ha-1 of surface runoff and soil loss of 21.3 t ha-1, this mean 74% and 96% respectively, higher in relation to conservation tillage, but similar in relation to the cover crop in relation to runoff (higher with 4%) but lower in soil loss (32%). In conclusion, it is identified that traditional crop management intensifies soil and water degradation, a direct effect of applying broad-spectrum herbicides, in addition to the trace of the furrow in favor of the slope.
The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is the next-generation ground-based very-high-energy gamma-ray observatory. The Large-Sized Telescope (LST) of CTA is designed to detect gamma rays between 20 GeV ...and a few TeV with a 23-meter diameter mirror. We have developed the focal plane camera of the first LST, which has 1855 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and the readout system which samples a PMT waveform at GHz with switched capacitor arrays, Domino Ring Sampler ver4 (DRS4). To measure the precise pulse charge and arrival time of Cherenkov signals, we developed a method to calibrate the output voltage of DRS4 and the sampling time interval, as well as an analysis method to correct the spike noise of DRS4. Since the first LST was inaugurated in 2018, we have performed the commissioning tests and calibrated the camera. We characterised the camera in terms of the charge pedestal under various conditions of the night sky background, the charge resolution of each pixel, the charge uniformity of the whole camera, and the time resolutions with a test pulse and calibration laser.
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